Guns germs and steel Essay

Jared diamond and his theory on how and the Europeans were so successful in their conquest of the incans. This was made possible due to the location of Europe. With the inventions of guns, and steel, along with being exposed to many germs before the incans. This gave the conquestidors many advantages over the inca. Once the Spanish conquered the Incas they had weapons that were unseen and unheard of to the indigenous. This was terrifying to the Inca community because they were unaware of the damage these weapons could cause and the power the Spanish had. The Spanish had been at war with the Mores for approximately 700 years. This gave them experience in fighting and also allowed them to construct the weaponry necessary for war. The Islamic were known to be the first to invent the the gun, but the Chinese invented the gunpowder. These separately were not useful, as the Chinese did not use gunpowder as a weapon. This was when the Spanish decided to combine the two and create what was k nown as the Harquebus. It was superior to any other gun known at the time. The Spanish had plenty of experience when they arrived to invade the Incas, was was not new to them. This gave them a possible advantage in weapons and fighting tactics. Since the Spanish had been at war for so long, they found the need to create more weapons, at which time the sword was invented. This was capable stabbing and slashing with great facility. The process of attempting to find the perfect sword took several hundreds of years. It was known as a family business, in which each person’s desire was to create a better sword than those by their ancestors. It was discovered that Iron infused with carbon was the perfect combination to creating a proper sword. The more carbon the harder the sword, but there must be a precise combination of sufficient flexibility and strength to the sword. The Rapier was seen to be that perfect sword, it was long sharp and strong. It not only became popular for war but also amongst gentlemen, this was the time at which it became common to wear your sword towards the side of your waist. These people were known to have descendants that were knights during the medieval times. There was a long process in Europe in attempting to create that perfect fighting weapon  which allowed to kill many in a short amount of time. Once the Rapier was introduced it gave Spain more power in weaponry, which allowed conquistadors to have an enormous advantage. During this time of exploration, slaves were brought to the Americas from Africa and Europe. These were transported in ships, at which time it was discovered that some had diseases which were easily transmitted amongst themselves. This became an epidemic that was brought to the new lands, and affected the indigenous people. Europe had previously gone through this disease, which was contracted by domestic animals. This caused many deaths, but those who survived became immune to these diseases. Once the epidemic arrived to the Americas, the indigenous became utterly ill. They unlike the Spanish, were not immune to these diseases because of their lack of domestic animals. Approximately 95% of the Inca population died. This completely destroyed their community, and allowed for the Spanish to conquer the lands easily and obtain their gold. The Inca’s numbers decreased almost immediately, which caused them to have a lack of power as well as army. This was an advantage to the Spanish which they used at their favor, taking over completely of the Incas. In conclusion the Europeans were able to conquer the incas easily because of geography and where they were located. They aquired guns first and the germs were ar ound more because of the animals they lived with and how they had many years to perfect their weapons and the steel was aquired first too.

The Fall of the House of Usher

Madeline of the House of Usher Role-playing games are a great past time for literature enthusiasts. A player sits down, creates a character with quirks and a personality, usually special abilities, and meets with other people who have done the same. They sit at tables, in couches, on porches all around the world. They sit down to hear and participate in a story, a story told by the storyteller. The storyteller creates a scenario, a background, extra characters (NPCs), and certain rules. Once the story begins, control is a relative term.The storyteller knows the story, but the characters are free to move about and unknowingly change the story as they go. In Edgar Allan Poe’s short story, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† the storyteller and characters interact in a very strange way. The storyteller tries to maintain control and the characters try to free themselves. It is a struggle against two aspects, the oppressor and the oppressed, masculine and feminine. Madeli ne Usher, the sole female character in the story, is kept in the background, but holds her own by being the main drive for much of the plot.Roderick Usher, the male descendant of the Usher household, has qualities of the feminine, but introduces a powerfully masculine identity into the house. The line of triumph of the oppressed feminine over the oppressive masculine is blurry and leaves much to be desired. The first key to the house as a story and backdrop is the connection often attributed to Roderick and the house. The idea that the house deteriorates with the last wielder of the Usher name has been argued before. Roderick’s slow descent into madness is marked by cracks in the foundation of the house.This theory holds good merit from textual evidence. The story itself follows that line; Roderick describes the house as having â€Å"an effect which the physique of the gray walls and turrets, and of the dim tarn into which they all looked down, had, at length, brought about upon the morale of his existence† (119). But this is just one influence the characters have over the plot and vice versa. This view of the house and the connection to the family is shaded by a masculine identity. Surely the last male heir of the Usher house must be the cause for the decay, regardless of the feminine Usher remaining.It is easy to label Madeline Usher as a weak character. Not only is her lack of presence in the story noted, but her physical descriptions are that of a weak girl. Roderick explains to the narrator that she suffers from an unknown disease, â€Å"[a] settled apathy, a gradual wasting away of the person, and frequent although transient affections of a partially cataleptical character†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (119). Madeline suffers from an unknown illness and is kept indoors in case she becomes the victim of her own frailty.The narrator sees her only briefly before her burial later in the story, and soon after her appearance, she is confined to her bed. The char acter of Madeline Usher is subjugated. She is kept in the background. Her family line is given to Roderick, her twin brother, as was the custom at the time. Within the story, she could be representative of other women in the nineteenth century: left in the home with no rights. Madeline can also represent one of the more important aspects of the feminine as a whole, the idea of death and rebirth in her premature burial and subsequent escape from her tomb.Beverly Voloshin makes note of another point of Madeline’s femininity through color association. â€Å"Madeline matches her brother’s pallor, but her special mark is red†¦blood red being the token of both life and death† (14). Not only is she often introduced with the color red, a generally accepted color for the feminine, but her actions in the story speak directly to the idea brought about by that color. Madeline is, essentially, the feminine half of the Usher family. Roderick Usher, Madeline’s twin and the masculine half of the Usher family, is the initial, obvious oppressor.As Leila May explains as historical background in her essay, â€Å"’Sympathies of a Scarcely Intelligible Nature': The Brother-Sister Bond in Poe's ‘Fall of the House of Usher’,† the social and political authority over the household was given to the men (389). As far as the outside world is concerned, Roderick is the head of the household, putting him in a legal and social position over his sister. Diane Hoevler makes some very sound arguments for the idea of Roderick as an oppressor in her essay â€Å"The Hidden God and the Abjected Woman in ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’. She points out Poe’s own frustration with women and the idea that Roderick strives for a world, a â€Å"purely masculine universe, a fortress where males engage in discourse without the intrusion of the female in any form –living or dead: ‘Us’ versus ‘her†™: ‘Us/her’† (388). Legally, Roderick is the superior half of the last vestiges of the Usher family. It was Roderick, after all, who invited the male narrator to the house. The narrator explains that the two had been friends before and Roderick had recently sent a letter insisting that he come to the house (Poe 114).It is Roderick’s decision in the story to entomb his deceased sister in the vaults underneath the house before her burial. This burial can be viewed as an attempt by the masculine identity to rid itself of the female identity, Roderick making a final struggle against his sister. However, as Cynthia Jordan argues, â€Å"he is but a character in the story himself, and his actions are at least in part the product of his narrator’s construction† (6). The idea of plot control being in the narrator’s hands puts the narrator in the sole position of masculine oppressor and not just over Madeline Usher.The narrator in â€Å"The Fa ll of the House of Usher† views, or at least tries to explain, everything from a distanced point-of-view. His logical take on what happens at the house paints a picture with traditionally masculine tones. He also is focused on the masculine half of the Usher twins. His focus is so centered on Roderick that he would as soon dismiss Madeline from his story entirely. Jordan notes this striving towards sole masculinity influence in her essay â€Å"Poe’s Re-Vision†¦Ã¢â‚¬ : â€Å"The narrator’s first encounter with Madeline confirms the conflict between the male storyteller and the lady of the house† (7).His first encounter with Madeline is almost half way through the story. He describes her briefly, almost as a wraith, when Roderick mentions her. â€Å"I regarded her with an utter astonishment not unmingled with dread; and yet I found it impossible to account for such feelings† (Poe 119). His reaction to the feminine aspect of the Usher household is obviously negative, describing his emotions of shock and fear in the face of Roderick’s sister. After this brief mention, he leaves her out of the story once again, citing that she succumbed to her bed after his almost encounter and that he would not see her again alive (120).Jordan notes that this absence of Madeline is an attempt on the narrator’s part to keep Madeline out of the story: â€Å"the narrator uses language covertly to relegate Madeline to a passive position in relation to himself† (7). Roderick, in this case is not the masculine oppressor; the narrator is. The irony of the situation, though, is that in trying to suppress Madeline, the female twin and the object that the narrator prescribes to femininity, he lets that feminine essence flourish. By the end of the story, the narrator is forced to face that he cannot create a solely masculine story.As Raymond Benoit, a voice in Explicator’s long series of essays on â€Å"Usher,† point s out, the narrator is forced to face the feminine through the reading of â€Å"Mad Trist† at the end of the story: â€Å"a mad story that parallels what is occurring in the house and reflects and even enables the awakening of the feminine side thought to have been laid to rest in the philosophy and literature of the Enlightenment and by Roderick/narrator† (80). The narrator cannot ignore the strong feminine influence in the house, much as he tries.Perhaps this is because the source of the feminine influence is sitting beside him. Throughout the story, Roderick appears as a romantic and an artist. He reads romance and gothic novels and is emotional to the point of hysteria at times. Beverly Voloshin enters her theory in the series shared with Benoit and others on â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† in Explicator. Her theory follows the lines of Roderick being the feminine half of the Usher twins. â€Å"Roderick is associated with the abstract, atemporal, and ideal† (14). These attributes are generally feminine in nature, gentle and imaginative.In a usually feminine role, Roderick’s actions are often reactions to other characters, showing subordination. His madness is spurred by the supposed death of Madeline, an irrational and emotional reaction to an action of another character. Roderick’s death, often attributed with the ultimate fall of the house itself, is a reaction to the return and death of Madeline. His death is a reaction to the death of a feminine character, which gives power to the feminine over the masculine. Poe is known to have sickly seraph types in his stories, but these seemingly weak female characters speak to his fondness for women.Poe’s life was filled with women who were taken away by illness, making them physically weak: his mother, his cousin and wife. But the women in Poe’s life were often the source of his strength, making them spiritually and often mentally strong. The experien ce of physically weak, spiritually strong women in his life greatly influenced his portrayal of women in his stories and poetry; Anabelle Lee comes to mind. Similarly, Madeline follows the guidelines for Poe’s memory of women. In a strange way, Poe often put these women on pedestals.Madeline’s presence is very rarely in the foreground of Poe’s short story, but the times when she does appear, it is her appearance that changes the mood of the scene. Madeline owns every scene in which she appears. Her actions are catalysts. The character is weak, but Poe puts her in a position of power beyond character; Poe gives Madeline a position of power over the plot. While the ultimate portrayal of Madeline might be a slap in the face against feminists, her role in the story is large enough to create a strong female influence.Poe follows his own guidelines in the character of Madeline Usher. She fits his ideal for true beauty. John H. Timmerman helps lead the way towards view ing Madeline in this light by explaining Poe’s reasoning. He explains Poe’s drive towards creating beauty in his writing, a beauty that he believed could only be achieved through sadness (232). Because of this connection and his past with women, Poe comes to the conclusion that â€Å"the most sad thing, and therefore the most beautiful, is the death of a beautiful woman† (232).Madeline, though pale and sickly, is one of these beautiful women. Her death, then, is a thing of beauty in Poe’s eyes. The concept is not a very enthusiastic one, nor is it useful in citing Poe as an advocate for women, but that he put emphasis on women is a step in the right direction. From his idea that a beautiful woman’s death is indeed the most beautiful occurrence in nature, he spurned the male characters in his stories to help reclaim the feminine within his stories. The male counterparts to these tragic women are the main argument for Cythia Jordan.In her essay †Å"Poe's Re-Vision: The Recovery of the Second Story,† Jordan argues that Roderick Usher and C. Auguste Dupin are male characters who attempt to bring to light the feminine or â€Å"second† story. While the narrator has ultimate control over the plot of â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† Jordan points out times when Roderick tries to wrestle that control from him and reassert Madeline as a prominent figure in the story. The final scene of â€Å"Usher† is where Roderick gets that victory, â€Å"Madman! I tell you that she now stands without the door! † (130).Jordan explains that this marks a moment in which Roderick takes control of the narrative long enough to call the narrator out on his oppression and to bring Madeline out into the spotlight (11). Roderick proves again that he is not the male oppressor but is instead a supporter if not aspect of the feminine. The question becomes, then, why would Roderick want to bring Madeline to the forefront ? The sole reason being that she is his twin is likely not enough. The idea of them being two aspects of the same being, or two sides of the same face is more concrete.But consider that Roderick is an artist, not only placing him in a feminine role, which would be cause enough to help the feminine thrive, but as an artist he must meet that ultimate goal that Poe put forth for himself: to create beauty. If Poe’s characters follow his own guidelines, then, Roderick’s only way to express that which is most beautiful in the world is to bring his beautiful sister’s death to the forefront of the story. Thus, in Roderick’s moment of control over the plot, in revealing the â€Å"second story† of Madeline, he follows those rules of an artist so avidly produced by his own author.The end result is not just Poe’s ideal of beauty, it also gives voice to the silenced feminine within the story –both Madeline’s and possibly Roderick’s o wn. The connection between Madeline and Roderick as twins is an interesting part of their mixed and almost non-existent gender roles. It has been suggested that their relationship is an incestuous affair, bringing together that mixed-gendered ambiguity into an even more scrambled position. Voloshin and others regard the twin connection, Voloshin looking specifically at the dichotomies apparent within that connection. †¦[T]he Usher twins also represent the duality of culture and nature, or more precisely, that they correspond to many cultural constructions of masculine and feminine, which divide the genders along the axis of culture and nature† (14). The fact that Poe decided to use twins pushes the idea that such dichotomies exist. Roderick, similar to Madeline, is afflicted with an ailment, one that is â€Å"a constitutional and a family evil, and one for which he despaired to find a remedy –a mere nervous affection† (118). This nervous condition is display ed throughout the story in his outbursts and personality shifts.It is suggested that the ailment, being a family curse, is close to if not the same as Madeline’s. Madeline, however, shows strength in that she did not succumb to the illness before the narrator arrives. Madeline is given credit for being the stronger of the two, a masculine trait. The dichotomy does not fit what society would expect from gender roles. The male is the feminine and the female is the masculine. It has been suggested that Roderick and Madeline are the same person, or aspects of the same person. Hoeveler plays with this idea in her essay on the â€Å"Abjected Woman. She discusses the idea that Madeline is in fact the feminine half of Roderick that has escaped to become an alter-ego (391). Not only would physical evidence within the text dispute that idea –the fact that the narrator sees Madeline during a conversation with Roderick –but why, then, would Roderick assume so many feminine traits of his own? And why would Madeline seem to uphold those traits generally accepted as masculine? The rest of the essay is another key: the idea of dualities in religion, the goddess and the god. The duality returns to the twin idea, and the twin concept requires a semblance of balance.If Roderick is the feminine role, Madeline must step in to play the role of the masculine. Traditionally, in feminist readings, the masculine identity can be discovered by its subjugation and subordination of the feminine identity. Madeline is buried in the vault, making her symbolically subordinated, but in the end, it is she who buries Roderick: â€Å"†¦with a low moaning cry, fell heavily upon the person of her brother, and in her violent and now final death-agonies, bore him to the floor a corpse, and a victim to the terrors he had anticipated† (Poe 131).The first item of note is the fact that Roderick’s name is not mentioned once in his death scene. Roderick is placed in the passive part of the sentence, â€Å"upon the person of her brother,† rather than given an active death. His name is not mentioned, instead he is listed as the brother of Madeline. He is also noted as being a victim, a position often associated with the feminine. Here, Roderick is not only stripped of identity of his own, but is made the passive victim of a violent force against him. The idea of Madeline as a violent or at least controlling force over Roderick is used in the somewhat popular vampire theory.Lyle Kendall discusses this theory and cites examples from the text to help prove it. He suggests that Roderick asks the narrator to come to the house to aid him in the destruction of his oppressor, the vampire, Madeline (451). J. O. Bailey goes into more depth, citing the history and mythology behind the vampire theory. He, however, notes that both of the twins seem to exhibit traits of one who has been attacked by a vampire, but that Madeline was the one whose body is inhabited by a vampiric entity (Bailey 458).Vampires in stories have been male and female –there is no prescription for the sex of these mythological creatures. The idea of the vampire, though, of one who comes and sucks the life out of others fits the mold for a control aspect. The masculine identity is the controlling identity, and if Madeline is indeed a vampire, then she becomes that controlling identity; Madeline becomes the oppressor and Roderick the oppressed. Another supposedly masculine trait is the sense of structure and order.Robinson brings the dichotomy of order/disorder into play in his formalist reading of the short story in his essay â€Å"Order and Sentience in ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’. † Robinson writes, â€Å"[t]he progress of the story sees Usher, his house, and his sister Madeline changing from an organized to a disorganized state, until finally all sink together† (69). Robinson also brings to light the notion that Madel ine’s physical senses dim through the story while Usher’s heighten (75). Roderick becomes more sensitive where his sister becomes less so.Their traits become intermingled, masculine and feminine twisting their positions to the opposite sex until finally it all comes back together into a union. The final union between the masculine and the feminine is the destruction of the house, according to Robinson, when the house and the story fall into a state of disorganization. The final scene in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† seems to be a culmination of all that is feminine within the work. Roderick sits and listens to his favorite romantic story, â€Å"Mad Trist,† which brings the feminine back into the plot.During this reading, Roderick comes into a position to speak against the narrator, for the narrator, when he calls him a â€Å"madman,† and reveals Madeline standing outside the door. When Madeline appears for her final scene, her coup de grace , she is in her burial shroud with blood on her, a symbol of rebirth. The walking symbol of the feminine falls upon Usher, who without a fight, falls to the ground, and the two die. The narrator flees the fall of the house of Usher, and watches as the house behind him is mysteriously destroyed.The story comes together, finally, with a seeming grand finale of femininity. Symbols, romanticism, disorganization, all of those ideals that have been attributed to feminism culminate. But looking back once again on Roderick’s death, there is the passivity. Madeline, in the midst of this fantastic moment of feminine symbolism, takes on the role of a masculine identity, pressing Roderick beneath her and putting him into a passive state. Are the symbols enough for this story to triumph over masculine influence?Or has the narrator put his foot down on the final scene to ensure that some semblance of masculine oppressiveness remained in the story? Regardless of masculine or feminine traits , at the end of the story, as the world of the narrator collapses into romantic idealism, it is the woman, the female half of the Usher family, that finally oppresses the man. Madeline triumphs, but only when put into a masculine gender role. Leo Spitzer, author of â€Å"A Reinterpretation of ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’,† also notes the near necessity for the two to die as one.He first shines light on the importance of Madeline, citing her as a deuteragonist and pointing out the eerie timing of her appearances, and he goes on to say that â€Å"Roderick and Madeline, twins chained to each other by incestuous love, suffering separately but dying together, represent the male and the female principle in that decaying family whose members, by the law of sterility and destruction which rules them, must exterminate each other† (352). They do destroy one another at the end, leaving the narrator to escape.And, as Jordan points out, the narrator gets the last w ord, â€Å"for his final act of ‘sentencing’ is to dispatch Madeline and her too-familiar twin into the ‘silent tarn,’ out of mind and out of language one last time† (12). Despite this triumphant climax for Madeline and Roderick, the narrator clings tightly to his story. The narrator, or storyteller, in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† fights for control over the characters within the story, both female and feminine. He takes on, ultimately, the role of masculinity.Whether, within the house, Madeline was oppressed or Roderick was matters very little –their aspects were in sync with on another and bound to come together eventually. But their ultimate victory and freedom from the masculine narrator is achieved only in their deaths, and the storyteller condemns the last vestiges of the feminine. In this story at least, the victory of femininity is short-lived and ultimately futile. Works Cited Bailey, J. O. â€Å"What Happens in â₠¬Ëœthe Fall of the House of Usher'? † American Literature: A Journal of Literary History, Criticism, and Bibliography 35. (1964): 445-66. Benoit, Raymond. â€Å"Poe's ‘the Fall of the House of Usher'. † Explicator 58. 2 (2000): 79-81. Hoeveler, Diane Long. â€Å"The Hidden God and the Abjected Woman in the Fall of the House of Usher. † Studies in Short Fiction 29. 3 (1992): 385-95. Jordan, Cynthia S. â€Å"Poe's Re-Vision: The Recovery of the Second Story. † American Literature: A Journal of Literary History, Criticism, and Bibliography 59. 1 (1987): 1-19. Kendall, Lyle H. ,Jr. â€Å"The Vampire Motif in ‘the Fall of the House of Usher'. † College English 24. 6 (1963): 450-3. May, Leila S. ‘Sympathies of a Scarcely Intelligible Nature': The Brother-Sister Bond in Poe's ‘Fall of the House of Usher'. † Studies in Short Fiction 30. 3 (1993): 387-96. Robinson, E. Arthur. â€Å"Order and Sentience in â€Å"the Fall of the House of Usher†. † PMLA 76. 1 (1961): 68-81. . Spitzer, Leo. â€Å"A Reinterpretation of â€Å"the Fall of the House of Usher†. † Comparative Literature 4. 4 (1952): 351-63. . Timmerman, John H. â€Å"House of Mirrors: Edgar Allan Poe's ‘the Fall of the House of Usher'. † Papers on Language and Literature: A Journal for Scholars and Critics of Language and Literature 39. (2003): 227-44. Voloshin, Beverly R. â€Å"Poe's ‘the Fall of the House of Usher'. † Explicator 46. 3 (1988): 13-5. Works Referenced Obuchowski, Peter. â€Å"Unity of Effect in Poe's ‘the Fall of the House of Usher'. † Studies in Short Fiction 12 (1975): 407-12. . Peeples, Scott. â€Å"Poe's ‘Constructiveness' and ‘the Fall of the House of Usher'. † The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Kevin J. Hayes. Cambridge, England: Cambridge UP, 2002. 178-190. Stein, William Bysshe. â€Å"The Twin Motif in ‘the Fall of the Hou se of Usher'. † Modern Language Notes 75. 2 (1960): 109-11. .

Adaptive memory

Adaptive memory Memory is one of the intriguing topics to study in cognitive psychology; it is something we rely on for our daily activities i.e. we use memory remember/recollect information relevant to our day to day activities. Whereas there are traditional approaches to study memory by conducting researches on the framework of levels of processing model and so on. This study has tried to investigate factors of memory from an evolutionary point of view. According to the adaptive memory concept, memory systems are tuned to retain information having survival fitness value. A crucial feature of adaptive memory is that the notion memory has evolved (over the period of time) to increase survival by better retaining information having fitness value. In the recent years, James S Nairne-et-al. research on adaptive memory has interested a lot of other researchers of evolutionary psychology to study this topic. Nairne and colleagues conducted a series of experiment to test the phenomenon of adaptive memory. Central to the school of thought in human memory research is the assumption that human memory systems are functionally designed and like other biological systems, memory is likely evolved to enhance fitness (survival and reproduction). Thinking about the relevance of information to a survival situation produces excellent long-term retention. A few seconds of survival processing produces better free recall than virtually all other known memory-enhancement techniques. Memory is essential to adaptive behavior because it allows past experience to guide choices. In the experiment conducted by Narine-et-al., participants are asked to imagine that they’re a part of a small tribe living in grassland of a foreign land. They’re asked to gather or hunt food items in order to help their and their tribes’ survival. Next a list of words are presented, and participants are asked to rate the relevance of each word to the imagined scenario. In a later surprise memory test, participants typically remember the words rated for relevance to this fitness-relevant scenario better than they remember words that are not fitness relevant (to the scenario). This can be explained through the theory of natural selection. Human memory is evolved because it enhanced survival and fitness in environments that were present during the extended period of human evolution. Anderson Schooler (1991, 2000) suggested that certain mnemonic characteristics, such as the general form of the retention function, mimic the way events tend to occur and recur in the environment. It has been suggested that sex differences in spatial abilities, including a memory for object locations, may have an evolutionary basis. Silverman Eals (1992) suggested that the division of labor typically found in hunter-gatherer societies-men hunt and women gather-may have led to unique foraging-related cognitive specializations of the sexes. Men generally outperform women on tasks thought to be related to hunting skills (e.g. navigation and orientation), whereas women often show an advantage on tasks requiring memory for objects stored in fixed locales. The experiment conducted is based on the study done by Narine-et-al. (2009), here the participants are randomly divided into three groups; hunter, gatherer, and scavenger. Participants in the experiments were asked to rate the relevance of words to scenarios that were specifically designed to mimic prototypical hunting and gathering activities. Following the rating task, participants received a surprise recall test on the rated words. Participants always rated the relevance of the target words to hunting or to gathering food, but under conditions that were either fitness relevant or not. The purpose of this study was to learn whether or not memory systems have evolved to better retain information related to fitness-survival value. Rationale: According to past studies (Narine, Klein, Cosmides, Tooby Chance,2002) suggest that human memory systems are â€Å"tuned† to remember information that is processed in terms of fitness value. Hence it is predicted that when a person is asked to rate the relevance of words to a survival scenario the performance is better on recall scores.

Objection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Objection - Essay Example Consequently, the paper also discusses how appellate court will rule on the objection. The outcome of the alcohol test was issued as one of the evidence (Krey & Theresa, 75). According to the judge, if Fred Friendless has a blood content of 10, they must presume that Fred Friendless is intoxicated. Therefore, obtaining a conviction for Driving while intoxicated, the prosecution will need to establish that Fred Friendless was actually operating the vehicle under the influence. This will be accomplished through circumstantial evidence or by the witness of the eyewitness. From Fred Friendless case, the court will review the Driving While Intoxication conviction where Fred Friendless’ prosecution will prove that he was driving the vehicle. Evidence from the high school head teacher revealed that he measured the skid mark of the defendant and assumed the defendant was driving at least 65 miles per hour. Additionally, the defendant believes that the any person who drinks at least two beers already intoxicated. This is a direct prove that Fred was actually driving under the influence of alcohol (Dolinko,  67). The evidence does not establish that the defendant was under the physical control of the car and hence it is not sufficient to prove that Fred was driving the vehicle. The prosecution also needs to establish the intoxication, which he did not. According to the statutes, it is noted that, intoxication normally occur due to alcohol intake of contraband ingestion. Intoxication is normally hard to articulate. In addition to submitting the blood sample, the police needs to testify the speech, appearance, or behavior and if the police detected the smell of the alcohol beverage on Fred. The factors are important and pertinent evidence of the physical impairment and mental impairment of the defendant. During Berkemer v. McCarty 468 US 420, the Supreme Court believed that the police roadside

Managing Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing Ethics - Essay Example This management behavior has resulted in reduced morale, job stress, and fatigue for the employees. Before going into the discussion regarding Ron Eden’s approach to management in 2000s, let us get a better understanding of what ethical management actually is. Management ethics include a set of defined ethics that is required for a business to remain in the market. Some of the principles that increase the effectiveness of organizations include ethical decision making based on facts, getting facts from possible perspectives, recognizing managing ethics as a process, avoiding the occurrence of ethical dilemmas, and using cross-functional teams while implementing an ethical management program in the organization. There exist many theories, which are used by the managers to control behavior and motivation of the employees. Scientific management theory focuses on how managers can improve efficiency through person-task relationships. Administrative management theory is related to the development of a highly efficient and effective organizational structure through outlining the principles of administration and bureaucracy. Behavioral management theory focuses on how managers should motivate the employees to achieve organizational goals. Theory X assumes that workers do not like to work hard whereas theory Y assumes that workers like to work hard if they are given opportunities and incentives. Management science theory believes in giving more control to the managers over the resources in order to produce desirable results. The last theory, which is organizational management theory, focuses on how managers can influence behaviors to control the organization’s relationship with the external environment. Mr. Ron Eden, the top manager of the company, possesses a controlled management approach in the company. In Electronic Banking Inc., the top manager is the

The incredible trust we put in technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The incredible trust we put in technology - Essay Example In the business world, technology has made work to be both cheaper and easier. This is because there have been innovations that rest the work which was done by human beings to computers. For example, in companies financial accounting and filing was normally done by workers manually. Nowadays there have been computer softwares such as Point of Sale which do a company’s accounting much quicker as every transaction is made. This means that accounting is done on the go. This is very cheap and time saving unlike the past where it took a lot of time and money since manual receipts hard to be filed and a lot of accountants had to be hired. Technology has been used remarkably in the communication sector. Advances in technology have resulted in mediums of communications which are both cheap and fast. A good example is the use of email to communicate. Before, long distance communication used to take a long time since letters were the ones commonly used and delivery could take long. Howe ver, the advancement of technology seen the use of the internet in the communication industry. Technologies such as email have been widely used since it is both fast to communicate using an email and cheap. In fact, it is very rare to find people using the postal office to send letters which might take even a week to reach the intended person. Sending and receiving of emails takes a maximum of five minutes irrespective of the geographical distance that is between the people who are communicating. People have also relied on technology while going about normal day to day activities. For example, people can access books over the internet very easily. This has made life easier especially for students who can access reading materials over the internet. However, scholars are beginning to view technology more of an evil than a good in the society. This is because of the high dependency that human beings have developed for technology. For example, students no longer go to libraries to read books to further their knowledge. This is because of the accessibility of written materials and journals over the internet. However, these journals can be inaccurate since they are not legally published. There are also old literatures that one cannot access over the internet. Social interactions in the society are also diminishing as a result of the dependency of technology. This is due to social sites such as Facebook and Twitter, which have limited physical social interaction in that people use them to communicate and meet people over the internet (Harrington 140). The problem here is that although people are socializing over the internet, this is not as effective as physical socializing since it does not involve the physical contact in physical social interaction. For example, if someone loses a loved one there is a difference in sending them a consolation note and physically going to console them. Physically consoling them is much personal and better. Overdependence of technolog y has also resulted in the society becoming dumber. This is because people often use search engines to find answers to various questions. People refer to articles in the internet if they want to find information rather than do that in books and creditability becomes a matter of contention. For instance, one might Google to find out whether on earth there are extra terrestrial beings. If the first search result is an article that supports

Cognitive social psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cognitive social psychology - Essay Example These conflicts have academically necessitated the study of social psychology to the study of conflict by highlighting the inter-group activities like undercurrents in the society. Along with the societal change, social psychological research too changes and it is important to find the variables in the altering framework that might lead to conflict, prejudice, hatred, fellow-feeling, their increase or sometimes their reduction etc., because social psychology invariably reflects the inherent cultural and political processes that shape the collective relations. Study of the prejudiced personality comes from the deep-seated inflexibility of thought and attitude, rigidity in thinking terms of white and black and inability to see the colors in between the two. Authoritarian Personality theory and Dogmatic Personality theory account for this. In recent years, such deep-rooted theories of segregating people according to race, color, ethnicity and generalizing their psychology have been successfully challenged and the modern psychological concepts and methods of intergroup relations and individualized psychological approaches have become more and more pronounced. "Because they are fundamental to our cognitive architecture, cognitive social theorists argue that categories and stereotypes are difficult to alter and may sometimes be applied in an automatic and unreflexive manner. Research on so-called implicit prejudice has been described as one of the most important recent developments in the social psychology of intergroup processes" (book 1). Conventionally prejudice was measured by explicit and implicit expressions of bias and prejudice, although this perspective is not admired any more for the simple reason that prejudice need not be expressed all the time; but still could be part of a person's mental makeup. Also showing random photos or flashing images of people belonging to other races and cultures need not bring out the deep-seated anger or despise and according to aversive racism theory 'aversive racists consciously sympathizes with the victims of historical injustice and support racial equality'. The group-based approaches of Sherif and Tajfel are more connected with the mob mentality like that of Northern Ireland, where during a funeral procession two British soldiers were killed by the mourning mob and the event got telecasted showing the psychology behind the gory incident as graphic proof of mob's brutality as a result of compulsion to retaliate and friction between ingroup and outgroup members of the mob, braying for violence without any particular pattern while going through a very strong sense of group identity bordering to momentarily dominating social identity that might not linger for a long time in the same group, because in social psychology, stereotypes do not last for long. It is really important here to know the friction between individual psychology and collective psychology that might give way to organized struggles and not just mob fury. "Thus, one cannot begin to understand the emergence of political conflict in places such as Northern Ireland, Palestine and apartheid South Africa without also understanding how struggles to redefine identity have been nurtured by a growing sense of the illegitimacy and vulnerability of the social hierarchy" (book one).

Stem Cell Research from Christian Perspective Essay

Stem Cell Research from Christian Perspective - Essay Example Stem cell research's eligibility and necessity is doubted through moral and ethical arguments, while the scientific approach tries to convince the humans that the primary goal is to make them healthier, to find the cure to cancer and many other benefits. The main reason why stem cell research causes such a controversy is because, in the stage in which the blastocyst is extracted, the embryo dies. Since it is impossible to remove the blastocyst without killing the embryo, certain religions believe that stem cell research is evil. This is because there is an uncertainty as to when life begins, and whether it begins from the time of conception, or it begins only after the fetus has begun to develop. This is where society is distinctly split, between the scientists and the religious ethicists. One of the positive aspects of stem cell research that goes in favor of the scientists is the fact that they can do a great deal to help scientific studies, especially in finding the cures for diseases. Scientists have found that, by experimenting with stem cells, they can possibly find cures for chronic and fatal diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, heart disease, cancer, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, and many more. By performing stem cell research, scientists will be able to help hundreds of thousands of people who are affected by diseases such as these. This can be done by taking the unspecialized stem cells and removing certain protein coats, and therefore turning it into a certain type of cell (such as a cardiac cell or brain cell). These cells can then are transplanted into the needed areas and replace the existing, non-working cells to cure the person of that illness. During the process through which a stem cell is removed from an embryo, and the embryo is sacrificed. The argument many people make about this issue is that it is morally wrong. Many Catholics feel that it is not right to kill the embryos because they are human beings. Scientists believe it is not their part to judge whether it is morally right or wrong. Their job is to make the cures and this is one way to do it. Many people think it is wrong to kill humans to help other humans. This opinion is supported by four passages from Scriptures (Benson 2004): Genesis 1:26-27 - Humans are made in God's image Deuteronomy 5:17 - We are not to unjustly take human life Psalm 139:15, 16 - God knew us as individuals in our mother's womb and even before Matthew 1:20 - Our Savior was once a single cell embryo The debate over stem cell research is closely related to the cloning issue. As Dr. David Stevens has noted, the embryonic clone would be the patient's genetic twin displaced in time. It would be a human being because it has the chromosomes of a human perfectly formed for that stage of development. At that point in time, the embryo is self-directed and, if left in the proper environment, it will continue development through gestation, birth, maturity and eventually natural death, just like all humans (Benson 2004). The question here is when does the life begin according to the Creator Christians and the representatives of other religions are confident that the stem cell research

Create a report consisting of an advice package which offers Essay

Create a report consisting of an advice package which offers guidelines, advice and practicable recommendations for implementing and managing large databases - Essay Example Database technologies are evolving to address the issue of handling large databases. These technologies are dynamic, but the fundamental principles and skills remain the same. Many purveyors are addressing the need for databases that support huge amounts of data; usually in the petabyte range (> 1,000 terabytes) (Kavanagh, 2004). Information technology is dynamic; data is collected as hardware and software advance to handle bulky data. This makes it difficult to define what a large database entails. What is large today will be tiny in the next ten years. A large database can be defined as follows; Implementing and managing large databases has been a problem for most companies. Companies ought to examine and evaluate their database design, to identify the inherent inhibitors to a seamless database management system. The size of a database is influenced by the data volume, hardware, throughput, and software (Dittrich, 2001). Data volume is represented by table numbers, and/or the size of the data. A small database running on a constrained server will portray characteristics of a large database. Throughput is the measurement of usage levels. If a small database serves 9 million users simulataenously, it will be termed as a large database. The software used explains the database management system employed, as well as its implementation. The database is only good at the weakest point of the four factors. These weaknesses can be compensated in various ways: In deciding how to scale a large database, there is the scale-up and scale-out options. Scaling-up is not a preferable option in the modern day of database management systems. Large servers tend to have an adverse price to performance ratio, when compared to commodity machines. The performance for every dollar expended on high-end servers is usually low. The next best alternative would be to scale-out. Upgrading a

Health Care Reform Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Health Care Reform - Term Paper Example levels of income and working for diverse employees, since they will be given greater opportunity to access cheaper and more expansive health insurance coverage (Jackson & Nolen, 2010; Thoma, 2010). People who will not benefit that much or will be negatively affected by the health care reform are: 1) Illegal immigrants who cannot participate in the reform and its insurance exchange, even when they fully pay for their expenses (Jackson & Nolen, 2010); 2) This group composes about â€Å"one third of the 24 million who will remain uninsured† (Thoma, 2010); 3) The insured will also be adversely affected, since this can increase their premiums; 3) Doctors will not largely benefit, due to lower Medicare payment rates; and 4) The wealthy will foot the bill of those who will benefit from the health care reform, since there will be a â€Å"0.9% increase in Medicare payroll taxes† for those who earn higher than $200,000 per annum and the rich will also be taxed 3.8% on their investment income by 2013 (Wingfield, Whelan, & Herper, 2010, p.3) The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (2009) will focus on attaining the information needs of the Health Care Reform, such as identifying who will receive additional Medicare and Medicaid services. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) will also be involved in the reform activities, because it will provide medicine discounts for senior citizens, and expand Medicaid to include more families and childless adults, beginning in 2014 (Jackson & Nolen, 2010). The Administration for Children and Families (ACF) (2011) will ensure that insurance providers will not deny insurance to covered children due to â€Å"preexisting conditions† (Jackson & Nolen, 2010) and that they will allow children to be part of their parents insurance until the former are 26 years old (Jackson & Nolen, 2010). Paradis, Wood, and Cramer (2009) reported that there will be higher demand for advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) as a

Education of respondents Essay Example for Free

Education of respondents Essay The above table shows that there are thirteen respondents belong to the High School Highest Educational Attainment level. This group represents sixty five percent of the entire respondent population. This group level is ranked 1 in the above table based on their percentage. Also, there are five respondents belonging to the College level. This group represents twenty five percent of the entire respondent population. This group level is ranked 2 in the above table based on their percentage. Also, there are two respondents belonging to the Masters level. This group represents ten percent of the entire respondent population. This group level is ranked 3 in the above table based on their percentage. There are more respondents belonging to the High School Highest Educational Attainment level. 4. 4. Significant difference between the respondents’ determination if the Beloved novel is real or fiction when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest Educational Attainment. 4. 4. 1 Age Table 4 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents’ determination if the Beloved novel is real or fiction when grouped according to Age. REALITY Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups . 806 3 . 269 . 184 . 906 Within Groups 23. 394 16 1. 462 Total 24. 200 19 Critical value 2. 353 As for the survey question Is Beloved Novel Real (or Fiction)? In terms of age, the degree of freedom is 3 and the computed F is 0. 184 with a significance of . 906. The critical value is 2. 353. There is no significant difference between the respondents’ determination if the Beloved novel is real or fiction when grouped according to Age because the computed F value is lower than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms reality of the Beloved novel. 4. 4. 2 Gender Table 5 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents’ determination if the Beloved novel is real or fiction when grouped according to Gender. REALITY Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups . 010 1 . 010 . 007 . 934 Within Groups 24. 190 18 1. 344 Total 24. 200 19 Critical value 6. 314 As for the survey question Do slave mothers in Beloved have to right to own their children? , In terms of gender, the degree of freedom is 1 and the computed F is . 007 with a significance of 0. 934. The critical value is 6. 314. There is no significant difference between the respondents in terms of the reality of the Beloved Novel when grouped according to Gender because the computed F value is lower than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of the reality of the Beloved novel. 4. 4. 3 Highest Educational Attainment Table 6 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents’ determination if the Beloved novel is real or fiction when grouped according to Highest Educational Attainment. REALITY Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups . 131 2 . 065 . 046 . 955 Within Groups 24. 069 17 1. 416 Total 24. 200 19 Critical value 2. 920 As for the survey question Is Beloved Novel Real (or Fiction)? , In terms of highest Educational Attainment, the degree of freedom is 2 and the computed F is . 046 with a significance of 0. 955. The critical value is 2. 920. There is no significant difference between the respondents in terms of the reality of the Beloved Novel when grouped according to highest Educational Attainment because the computed F value is lower than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms highest Educational Attainment in the Beloved Novel. 4. 5. Significant difference between the respondents’ determination if slave life is harsh in the Beloved novel when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest Educational Attainment. 4. 5. 1 Age Table 7 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents’ determination if slave life is harsh in the Beloved novel when grouped according to Age. LIFE Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 2. 564 3 . 855 2. 124 . 137 Within Groups 6. 436 16 . 402 Total 9. 000 19 Critical value 2. 353 As for the survey question Is slave life harsh in Beloved? , In terms of age, the degree of freedom is 3 and the computed F is 2. 124 with a significance of . 137. The critical value is 2. 353. There is no significant difference between the respondents’ determination if slave life is harsh in the Beloved novel when grouped according to Age because the computed F value is lower than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the levels in terms harshness of slave life in the Beloved novel. 4. 5. 2 Gender Table 8 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents’ determination if slave life is harsh in the Beloved novel when grouped according to Gender. LIFE Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups . 238 1 . 238 . 489 . 493 Within Groups 8. 762 18 . 487 Total 9. 000 19 Critical value 6. 314 As for the survey question Is slave life harsh in Beloved? , In terms of gender, the degree of freedom is 1 and the computed F is . 238 with a significance of 0. 493. The critical value is 6. 314. There is no significant difference between the respondents in terms of the harshness of slave life in the Beloved Novel when grouped according to Gender because the computed F value is lower than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of the harshness of slave life in the Beloved novel. 4. 5. 3 Highest Educational Attainment Table 9 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents’ determination if slave life is harsh in the Beloved novel when grouped according to Highest Educational Attainment. LIFE Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups . 969 2 . 485 1. 026 . 380 Within Groups 8. 031 17 . 472 Total 9. 000 19 Critical value 2. 920 As for the survey question Is slave life harsh in Beloved? , In terms of highest Educational Attainment, the degree of freedom is 2 and the computed F is 1. 026 with a significance of 0. 380. The critical value is 2. 920. There is no significant difference between the respondents in terms of the harshness of slave life in the Beloved Novel when grouped according to highest Educational Attainment because the computed F value is lower than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms harshness of slave life in the Beloved Novel. 4. 6. Significant difference between the respondents’ determination on how Sethe felt about her motherly suffering in the Beloved novel when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest Educational Attainment. 4. 6. 1 Age Table 10 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents’ determination on how Sethe felt about her motherly suffering in the Beloved novel when grouped according to Age. SUFFERIN Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups . 206 3 . 069 . 239 . 868 Within Groups 4. 594 16 . 287 Total 4. 800 19 Critical value 2. 353 As for the survey question How did Sethe feel about her motherly suffering? , In terms of age, the degree of freedom is 3 and the computed F is . 239 with a significance of . 868. The critical value is 2. 353. There is no significant difference between the respondents’ determination on how Sethe felt about her motherly suffering in the Beloved novel when grouped according to Age because the computed F value is lower than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of how Sethe felt about her motherly suffering in the Beloved novel. 4. 6. 2 Gender Table 11 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents’ determination on how Sethe felt about her motherly suffering in the Beloved novel when grouped according to Gender. SUFFERIN Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups . 086 1 . 086 . 327 . 574 Within Groups 4. 714 18 . 262 Total 4. 800 19 Critical value 6. 314 As for the survey question How did Sethe feel about her motherly suffering? , In terms of gender, the degree of freedom is 1 and the computed F is . 327 with a significance of 0. 574. The critical value is 6. 314. There is no significant difference between the respondents in terms of the how Sethe feels about her motherly suffering in the Beloved Novel when grouped according to Gender because the computed F value is lower than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of how Sethe feels about her motherly suffering in the Beloved Novel. 4. 6. 3 Highest Educational Attainment Table 12 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents’ determination on how Sethe felt about her motherly suffering in the Beloved novel when grouped according Highest Educational Attainment. SUFFERIN Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups . 369 2 . 185 . 708 . 506 Within Groups 4. 431 17 . 261 Total 4. 800 19 Critical value 2. 920 As for the survey question How did Sethe feel about her motherly suffering? , In terms of highest Educational Attainment, the degree of freedom is 2 and the computed F is 1. 026 with a significance of 0. 380. The critical value is 2. 920. There is no significant difference between the respondents in terms of the harshness of slave life in the Beloved Novel when grouped according to highest Educational Attainment because the computed F value is lower than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms harshness of slave life in the Beloved Novel. 4. 7. Significant difference between the respondents’ determination on the reality of Mother Baby Snuggs Freedom when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest Educational Attainment. 4. 7. 1 Age Table 13 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents’ determination on the reality of Mother Baby Snuggs Freedom when grouped according to Age. FREEDOM Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 5. 333 3 1. 778 1. 255 . 323 Within Groups 22. 667 16 1. 417 Total 28. 000 19 Critical value 2. 353 As for the survey question Is Mother Baby Snuggs Freedom real? , In terms of age, the degree of freedom is 3 and the computed F is 1. 255 with a significance of . 323. The critical value is 2. 353. There is no significant difference between the respondents’ determination on the reality of Mother Baby Snuggs Freedom when grouped according to Age because the computed F value is lower than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of the reality of Mother Baby Snuggs Freedom in the Beloved novel. 4. 7. 2 Gender Table 14 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents’ determination on the reality of Mother Baby Snuggs Freedom when grouped according to Gender. FREEDOM Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups . 952 1 . 952 . 634 . 436 Within Groups 27. 048 18 1. 503 Total 28. 000 19 Critical value 6. 314 As for the survey question Is Mother Baby Snuggs Freedom real? , In terms of gender, the degree of freedom is 1 and the computed F is . 634 with a significance of 0. 436. The critical value is 6. 314. There is no significant difference between the respondents in terms of Mother Baby Snugg’s Freedom reality in the Beloved Novel when grouped according to Gender because the computed F value is lower than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of Mother Baby Snugg’s Freedom reality in the Beloved Novel. 4. 7. 3 Highest Educational Attainment Table 15 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents’ determination on the reality of Mother Baby Snuggs Freedom when grouped according to Highest Educational Attainment. FREEDOM Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 2. 608 2 1. 304 . 873 . 436 Within Groups 25. 392 17 1. 494 Total 28. 000 19 Critical value 2. 920 As for the survey question Is Mother Baby Snuggs Freedom real? , In terms of highest Educational Attainment, the degree of freedom is 2 and the computed F is . 873 with a significance of 0. 436. The critical value is 2. 920. There is no significant difference between the respondents in terms of the reality of Mother Baby Snugg’s freedom reality in the Beloved Novel when grouped according to highest Educational Attainment because the computed F value is lower than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms the reality of Mother Baby Snugg’s freedom reality in the Beloved Novel. 4. 8. Significant difference between the respondents’ determination on the reality of the right of women slaves to love when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest Educational Attainment. 4. 8. 1 Age Table 16 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents’ determination on the reality of the right of women slaves to love when grouped according to Age. LOVE Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 13. 722 3 4. 574 2. 550 . 095 Within Groups 26. 909 15 1. 794 Total 40. 632 18 Critical value 2. 353 As for the survey question Do Women Slaves in Beloved have the right to love? , In terms of age, the degree of freedom is 3 and the computed F is 2. 55 with a significance of . 095. The critical value is 2. 353. This question is in relation to the right of the owners to rape their slaves. There is a significant difference between the respondents’ determination on the reality of the right of women slaves to love when grouped according to Age because the computed F value is higher than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the different levels in terms of the right of woman slaves to love in the Beloved novel. 4. 8. 2 Gender Table 17 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents’ determination on the reality of the right of women slaves to love when grouped according to Gender. LOVE Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 1. 555 1 1. 555 . 676 . 422 Within Groups 39. 077 17 2. 299 Total 40. 632 18 Critical value 6. 314 As for the survey question Do Women Slaves in Beloved have the right to love? , In terms of gender, the degree of freedom is 1 and the computed F is . 676 with a significance of 0. 422. The critical value is 6. 314. This question is in relation to the right of the owners to rape their slaves. There is no significant difference between the respondents in terms of the right of women slaves to fall in love in the Beloved Novel when grouped according to Gender because the computed F value is lower than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of the right of women slaves to fall in love in the Beloved Novel. 4. 8. 3 Highest Educational Attainment Table 18 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents’ determination on the reality of the right of women slaves to love when grouped according to highest educational attainment. LOVE Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 4. 515 2 2. 257 1. 000 . 390 Within Groups 36. 117 16 2. 257 Total 40. 632 18 Critical value 2. 920 As for the survey question Do Women Slaves in Beloved have the right to love? , In terms of highest Educational Attainment, the degree of freedom is 2 and the computed F is 1. 000 with a significance of 0. 390. The critical value is 2. 920. This question is in relation to the right of the owners to rape their slaves. There is no significant difference between the respondents in terms of the right of woman slaves to love in the Beloved Novel when grouped according to highest Educational Attainment because the computed F value is lower than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms the right of woman slaves to love in the Beloved Novel. 4. 9. Significant difference between the respondents in terms of the right of slave mothers right to own their children when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest Educational Attainment. 4. 9. 1 Age Table 19 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents in terms of the right of slave mothers right to own their children when grouped according to Age. CHILDREN Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 2. 207 3 . 736 . 402 . 754 Within Groups 27. 477 15 1. 832 Total 29. 684 18 Critical value 2. 353 As for the survey question Do slave mothers in Beloved have to right to own their children? , In terms of age, the degree of freedom is 3 and the computed F is . 402 with a significance of 0. 754. The critical value is 2. 353. There is no significant difference between the respondents in terms of the right of slave mothers right to own their children when grouped according to Age because the computed F value is lower than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of the right of slave mothers to own their children in the Beloved novel. 4. 9. 2 Gender Table 20 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents in terms of the right of slave mothers right to own their children when grouped according to Gender. CHILDREN Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups . 492 1 . 492 . 286 . 599 Within Groups 29. 192 17 1. 717 Total 29. 684 18 Critical value 6. 314 As for the survey question Do slave mothers in Beloved have to right to own their children? , In terms of gender, the degree of freedom is 1 and the computed F is . 286 with a significance of 0. 599. The critical value is 6. 314. There is no significant difference between the respondents in terms of slave mothers’ right to own their children in the Beloved Novel when grouped according to Gender because the computed F value is lower than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms slave mothers’ right to own their children in the Beloved Novel. 4. 9. 3 Highest Educational Attainment Table 21 ANOVA Significant difference between the respondents in terms of the right of slave mothers right to own their children when grouped according to Highest Educational Attainment. CHILDREN Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 3. 568 2 1. 784 1. 093 . 359 Within Groups 26. 117 16 1. 632 Total 29. 684 18 Critical value 2. 920 As for the survey question Do slave mothers in Beloved have to right to own their children? In terms of highest Educational Attainment, the degree of freedom is 2 and the computed F is 1. 093 with a significance of 0. 359. The critical value is 2. 920. There is no significant difference between the respondents in terms of the right of slave mothers to own their children in the Beloved Novel when grouped according to highest Educational Attainment because the computed F value is lower than the critical value. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms the right of slave mothers to own their children.

Blockbuster Hbr Case Essay Example for Free

Blockbuster Hbr Case Essay One of Blockbuster’s biggest value drivers is geographic location. Most people, especiall in urban areas live pretty close to a Blockbuster location. Availability of titles is also a value driver that not all video stores can provide. Their reputation is also a value driver. Economies of scale are one of Blockbuster’s largest cost drivers. The ability to negotiate with movie studios with leverage while their competitors can’t as effectively win lower prices for inventory purchases gives a huge advantage. The aforementioned reasons are ammunition to defened against competitors. Geographic location and leveraging the brand name recognition are two of the most important advantages that Blockbuster has that none of its competitors can easily overcome. After the formation of Blockbuster, the first major technological substitute to come along was the DVD (the digital versatile disc) and the DIVX (digital video express disc). There was a fierce battle between these two rival substitutes as they waged war. Both were looking to become the sole technology that would replace VHS. Blockbuster remained on the sidelines for the first few years after these technologies were introduced even though 8 major motion picture studios had committed to either DIVX or DVD (6 for DIVX and 2 for DVD) Once Antioco had made a decsion as to back DVD for a multitude of reasons, Blockbuster’s decision would lead to the demise of DIVX. Antico decided that DVD offered the most promise. They were more widespread, DVD player units were more readily available and they were cheaper. About a year after Blockbuster decided to back DVD, Circuit City decided to give up on the DIVX technology. Blockbuster also faced competition from consumer’s decsion to buy DVDs as opposed to renting them(sell through). Antioco saw this as a potential threat and decided to sell through used DVDs at a discount at Blockbuster stores. Along with some promotions, such as a free rental with the purchase of a movie, Antioco’s plan was expected to triple Blockbuster’s share of the video sales market. In 2003 Disney developed a technology much like DIVX called EZ-D. The plan was eliminate the return of rented videos as the disc would be discared 48 hours after opening because a chemical would render it useless. The technology ultimately failed as Blockbuster did not back the technology because for just a few dollars more (EZ-D discs retailed at $5-$7) consumers could outright purchase a DVD with unlimited use. One of the newest substitutes to threaten blockbuster is online video sales. This market is cannabilizing Blockbuster’s sell through numbers and Blockbuster is countering with their own online sales. Another is home delivery service. Even though this service had promise with more than a few firms, they all failed for a multitude of reasons and never posed a real threat. Netflix, a video subscription service with no late fees is also a substitute that Blockbuster is facing. After much initial success, Blockbuster decided to start their own subscription pricing model in which consumers can pay a flat fee each month for unlimitied rentals at their retail outlets. Eventually adding the feature where consumers can opt to either receive/return the discs through the mail similar to netflix or to receive/return them at a retail location to satisfy an immediate need. This option gives them a competitive advantage over Netflix.

Company and market analysis of Nokia

Company and market analysis of Nokia Nokia Corporation has been known well as the worlds No.1 manufacturer of mobile phones. The head-quarter of Nokia Corporation is located in Finland and it is quite active in electronic industry. It is organized well by some key executives. Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo is the current president and CEO of the company. Timo Ihamuotila is the CFO. Mary T.Mcdowell is Executive VP. Isabel Marey-Semper and Keijo Suila are the directors. Dame Majorie Scardino is the director and vice chairman as well. According to Nokia official website (2010), the company is under function by an amount of 123553 employees at the end of 2009.In 2009, Nokias net sales were 41.0 billion, with a reported operating profit of EUR 1.2 billion. Nokias products are so famous and can even complete with the worlds other top rank mobile manufacturers such as Motorola, Sony Ericsson and Samsung. Now Nokia is nearly reach the peak of the cell phone market. It is divided into four major segments which are Devices, Services, market and solutions, and NAVTEQ. Nokia also has a partnership with Munich-based Siemens. The combination of their intelligence in the industry has build up Nokia Siemens Networks and makes them become No.3 player in the wireless networking equipment market and on top of it are Ericsson and Arcatel-Lucent. 2. Company Overview 2.1 History Nokia Corporation is the worlds leading manufacturer of mobile phones, with a worldwide share of 27 percent, surpassing the runner up, Ericsson. Ericsson has a worldwide share of 17 percent. The net sale generated by Nokia Mobile Phone business group is about two-third of their total sales. Nokia Mobile Phone business group is also doing Nokia Networks, which has 30 percent of the net sales. Nokia Networks is the global supplier of infrastructure for mobile, fixed, broadband, and Internet Protocol (IP) networks. Nokia Corporation has generated more than half of its sales in Europe, a quarter in Americas, and 22 percent in Asia-Pacific. The company has been in business for 135 years and has evolved from a concentration in pulp, paper, and other basic industries which focuses on telecommunication. Most importantly, Nokia Corporation focuses on the revolution of telecommunication in the mid-1990 and beyond. Nokia has now become one of telecommunications most profitable companies. From 1988 to 1993, Nokia consumer electronic business was unable to find buyers and nearly lost US$1 billion, which cause Ollila to cut 45 percent of the workforce, shuttered plants, and centralized operations. Ollila has been successfully by bringing innovative products into the market. This gave Nokia an advantage over cell phone research and development with the Acquisition of the United Kingdom Technophone Ltd. The company started selling the cell phone for US$57 million. Ollilas occupation has brought Nokia success and global recognition. The sale of the company doubled from 15.5 billion in 1991 to 36.8 billion in 1995. The outcome rebounded from a net loss of 723 million in 1992 to 2.2 million profit in 1995.Nokias capitalization multiplied ten times from 1991 to 1994. In the late 1995, Nokia suf fered a temporary setback due to the shortage of chips for its cell phone. The production cost has gone up and lost most of the profit. With this, Nokia was slightly ahead of the market, particularly in North America. Not long after the incident, a rivalry, called Motorola, appeared with greater quantity of phones but sadly their sales and technology was very slow. Due to that situation, Nokia rise to the top position. In 1997, the 6100 series was introduced and became popular because of its small size. Soon after that, the 6100 series went worldwide and sold nearly 41 million phones in 1998. Besides that, Nokia has begun pursuing aggressively on the mobile internet sector. They have produced Nokia 9000Communicator, which is only for business use, as well as surfing the internet. Nokia 8110 mobile phone can also surf the internet. In the end of 1990s, Nokia has already ascended to the top position of the wireless world. This trend has continued into the 21st century and has increased the production of new cell phones with wireless and internet technology. Nokia has now become a formidable competitor to other phone company. Nevertheless, Nokia spend US$2 billion a year on research and development and to continue to produce new innovative products which concentrates on various standards. . 2.2 Nokias Product Nokia came out with mobile and slowly developed from a big bulky phone into a smaller compatible hand phone. Just like what we know, the Nokia brand produce the mobile phone for people to have an easier life. In 1982, Nokia have its 1st phone on market that is Mobira Senator. In 2007, The 1st N series phone with Xenon flash have been produced, N82. As time goes by, Nokia changes by not using antenna, and by attaching camera to its specifications. Nokia has come out with an application call the OVI services this can help Nokia users to connect to the internet via your hand phone to ease the users from having the trouble of driving or finding an operation centre. Beside that, Nokia also provide the service such as the Come with Music, My Nokia and Nokia Messaging. Below in the picture you can see that Nokia hand phones are fully developed. Nokia has simplified their product into different categories. This category has been divided into series such as C, X, E, N, and S. C stands for voice-centric handsets. X stands for entertainment. E stands for business focused. N stands for high-end. S stands for limited editions. Nokia implants different functions on different series of its product in order to make its product line clear to make sure the customers can purchase its products with the functions they needed. Nokia N900 is one of the specific products among Nokia products. It is also the current best Nokia phone. It has slide sliding QWERTY keyboard design which can hardly be found on other Nokia product. It has all the essential functions implanted inside thus having other high technological functions as well such as WLAN, accelerometer and proximity sensor, high pixel camera with auto focus, and Maemo 5 operation system which makes it powerful enough as a mini computer in the mobile world. 2.2.1 Nokia latest Product The picture above is Nokia N90. Nokia N900 is the current best phone among Nokia products. It has obtained all the necessary function for a mobile phone yet it obtained other superior function as well. It has a 3.5 inches screen with accelerometer sensor. It has a full QWERTY keyboard too. Unlike other normal phone, it has included 32GB internal memory which is the largest capacity for the mean time. It also obtains a 5 megapixel camera branded by Carl Zeiss optics. All of these make it become an unbeatable opponent in mobile market but these are not the main focus on Nokia N900. The highlight of this phone is its superior performance of its function. It has included one and only operation system in the current cell phone market which is Maemo 5. With the support of this operation system, it has been called as mini laptop because its function can even complete with a laptop. 2.3 Nokia Sales Table 1- The market sales in year 2009 and 2010 Source: Gartner The Table 1 shows the Worldwide Mobile Device Sales to End Users in 2009 and 2010. As we can see from the table above, Nokia is the one with highest market share among other company. Nokia Corporation is doing well in their business. Nokia are one of the famous and popular Companies to everyone. The total sale units show in 2009, 286,122.3 and the units that Nokia sold in 2009 are 105,413.4 which are 36.8% of the market share at that time. For this year 2010, total sales in market of all the company is 325,556.8 and Nokia total units sales are 111,473.8 which are much more than previous year but the market share decrease. Form this we can know that there are more users need mobile phone. Although that market share of Nokia decrease in year 2010 but it still stay on the top 1.Nokia can stay on the top of sales in their product , this can show how Nokia did well in satisfy the customer needs and wants. After Nokia, Samsung is the one on the second place. It has 19.3% of market sharing in 2009 and 20.1% in 2010. Samsung will become the most effective competitor if this situation continues. Other than Samsung, there have more Nokias competitors; there are LG, Research in Motion, Sony Ericsson, Motorola, Apple, HTC, ZTE, GFive, and other so on. 2.4 Competitor Direct Competitor Comparison NOK ERIC MOT PVT1 Industry Market Cap: 36.94B 33.72B 19.56B N/A 54.73M Employees: 129,746 87,413 53,000 N/A 372.00 Qtrly Rev Growth : 0.90% -8.00% -1.50% N/A 10.20% Revenue: 53.68B 27.96B 21.63B 95.89B1 138.63M Gross Margin : 32.51% 37.16% 35.47% N/A 40.35% Operating Margin : 6.92% 11.12% 5.23% N/A 6.96% Net Income : 1.25B 603.23M 385.00M 4.37B1 N/A EPS : 0.34 0.19 0.17 N/A 0.06 P/E : 29.55 56.42 50.79 N/A 14.65 PEG (5 yr expected): N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A P/S : 0.69 1.21 0.90 N/A 0.72 Table 2- Direct Competitor Comparison ERIC = LM Ericsson Telephone Co. MOT = Motorola Inc. Pvt1 = Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Industry = Communication Equipment Source: HOOVERS As you can see in the table above, Nokia has the highest in Market Capital with 36.94 billion compared with Ericsson, Motorola, and Samsung. It is clearly shown that Nokia is the highest so far, as profitable as it seems the number of employees also exceeds the expectation of that company. With 129,746 employees Nokia seems to be making quite a profitable income and with more employees comes greater expectation of a company. Though some handsets value as more than fashion accessories, it has come too succumbed that it still fuels the market growth. The Three Top Nokia Competitors consist of LM Ericsson which is located at Stockholm, Sweden, Motorola Inc located at Schaumburg, IL and Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd at Seoul, South Korea is very competitive about finding customers. To boost sales, Nokia will have to come up with a way of finding what specification suits the needs of the customers. Nokia will have to go all out to find and battle other competition in order to gain attention and attraction. Nokia competitive advantage would be mobility workforce of the company and with this advantage comes increase market share and revenue growth. Choosing what is necessary is essential in building a company and brand name, without this Nokia is bound to be doom. Next is the LM Ericsson telecommunications, is placed second in the table above due to lack of network equipment supplier. Most probably, LM Ericsson is placed second because of lack of resources and employees. Without the proper tools LM Ericsson is lead to believe that Noki a is a formidable opponent. Compared to Motorola, LM Ericsson is very much ahead of them, the gross margin of LM Ericsson is higher by 1.69% compared to Motorola and 4.65% to Nokia. This makes LM Ericsson the lead in gross margin. Seeing that Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd is not benefitting this is due to lack of planning. They are operating in a Market that is dominated by companies which are better. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd has the highest net income and revenue compared to Nokia, Motorola, and Ericsson. Nokia can be expanded through advertising and on websites. A comparison shows that Nokia is still the leading handset company up to date. With Quarterly Revenue Growth of 0.90% Nokia is bound to soar in markets. Technology like Nokia nowadays can help users to interact smoothly with each other. Not to mention, Nokia has come up with plans to increased sales by putting software and different technology into handsets. Now from a simple touch of a button users can locate when and where they want to go. Conclusion, with flexibility and improved productivity Nokia will have a competitive advantage in markets. 2.5 Nokias Aim and Goal According to Nokia Webpage (2010), the aim of Nokia Company is providing innovative, high quality products and services which help people connect with each other. They want their product to be used at every kind of people which include people have problem to use the normal hand phone. Nokia has been studying environmental aspects of design for more than 10years and they are working to continuously improve the sustainability of all their products and services. They are making their products for people easier to live sustainable lifestyle. 3. Situation of Nokia Company Nokia Company Nokia, as a one of the worlds largest telecommunications equipment manufactorersIn telecommunication industry, nokia brand are famous and become a leading brand being in markets and business that has expanded greatly in every area to fulfill the customers needs. Nokia produces mobile and other telecomunications equiqment for applications even for every main market and protocal which also include the GSM, CDMA ans WCDMA. Strength According to the Nokia, the strength of Nokia Company is the strong brand name they have. Nokia release their products with more advantages than other because of the strong name brand that acceptable, reliable and trustable for customers. Nokia also have a wide network of promotion and selling their product which make Nokia stronger than the other telecommunication company. Nokia Company has the group such as high quality and professional teams in the Human Resource Development Department which make the Nokia Company have a strong backed. Nokias product are user friendly and contain all the accessories satisfy their customer, this is one of the reason that make Nokia become No.1 selling mobile phones in the world. Their products are also affordable for all class of people. Weakness Nokia Company is a successful company on the world but it still has some weakness. The weakness like the products price that offered by the company. Although most of their products are high quality and user friendly but the price is not. Some of the Nokias products are cannot afforded by some lower class of the society people. These led those products hard to sell and make the market of those product fail at the end. Opportunity Nokia opportunity is to expand their business all around the world. With Nokia Companys strength, which have a wide network of sale and promotion, features and different price range for different people, make its have the advantages more than the competitors. As an example, Nokia use to improve the equipment and knowledge of the phone to make a better product, so that can increase the customers attraction. By doing this, it can attraction new customers and purchase phone under the Nokia brand name. Other than that, Nokia also use the innovation to recreate their products. They offer what other competitors have offer to their customer and this make the Nokia have own style. At the same time, Nokia also target right customer at the right time, for an example, Telecom penetration in India is take action when the level of the living standard in India has increased. They also can afford to buy a phone as well, so this make Nokia have opportunity to expand their business as wide as possibl e. Threats Nokia, been as the top sales among the other competitors. The ranking of it remain at top until today and Nokia need to maintain its position as a market leader. The threats that Nokia facing may be something like offer new features, style and type of product and services. Because of the competition around, Nokia need to make strategies to overcome those problems in present and future. For an example, Once the WLL network growing demand, the sales of Nokia will drop. This is why Nokia provides many less CDMA phone as they can to customer. Critical issue Programmed and Market Threats Programmed threats can definitely cause significant damage. The personal information of Nokia can be copied and get sent to any rival companies, confidential information can also be modified, and the configuration can be reset to allow subsequent unauthorized access, leaving an open entry to all intruders. The services provided by Nokia can be extended but the clients will start to worry about the Nokia Company and will start questioning the Companys security to safe guard their personal information. Nokia would have to face consequences if their system is used as strategic launch points for broader distribution of programmed threat software. In addition, Nokia Company has a low popularity of Symbian Operating System. Most of the rivalry such as Samsung, Sony Ericsson, Apple and Motorola are now using the new the Google Android Operating System, which is better than Symbian Operating System. The Apple Company is taking up shares from the Nokia Company and their IPhone is the most pop ular mobile devices all over the world. There are now new entrants are entering the market following Apple such as Dell, Google, and Acer. In 2009, Nokia Company now owns 36.4% of the market, and Samsung is the second runner-up with 19.5% of the market. Motorola and Sony Ericsson may now be an annoyance to the other two companies but it will change soon. Nokia isnt expected to solve its problem anytime soon. For year, Nokia has been confident with its Symbian System and didnt explore the system because there wasnt much competition. During that time, Apples experts have been coming up with ideas and they have come up with Googles Android OS which got Nokias Symbian caught in a shocked. On the other hand, Nokia responded by having their cell phone market share increased from 35-40%. Samsung and Motorola have been chipping away at their competitors market share and are delivering phones to consumers at a reasonable price. Low-Cost threats and New Rivals There are also some issues with the cost of the company. Nokia Company has been concentrating on their traditional competitors such as Motorola, Sony Ericsson, Samsung, and Siemens. Nokia Company has been focusing on how to compete with their competitors through mobile phones, market shares, and technology, that they allowed other low-cost company to be successful and has entered the market steadily. The low-cost company that has been successful is the Chinese low-cost competitor Huawei, whose company is now the leader in fixed-line networks, mobile-telecommunication networks, and Internet. Then another company, known as the Vizio, a little LCD TV supplier that took lead in the premium brand for five years and became the North American market leader in large-format TVs. These low-cost companies built their name and momentum slowly and in a smart way by paying close attention to the market and competing in an undeveloped segment in the market. Competition between low-cost competitors can go unnoticed due to their ranking in the market. With these said, it shows that Nokia Company has been too arrogant and comfortable with their position that they have made a blind spot for themselves. Nokia Company has a slow reaction when they are facing new rivals. (A). Target market The Nokia target market segment consists of specific group of customers like various age groups of people who focuses its marketing efforts. The Nokia target is likely to have two main reasons; the first is to gain profit and secondly is to aim at consumers that need form of communication. For example, it is targeted mostly at consumers with the age of 19-39 years old looking for entertainment. It is to attract them to use this specific brand and to promote itself in the market. Nokia can be described as a means of communication in today technological world. In terms of demographics it can define that Nokia target market apply to marketers commonly use in segmenting markets which also include gender, ethnicity, income, and social class. For example, to attract customers Nokia would have to come out with new ways of improving their cell phones, to add new applications or software to make it unique from its competitors. Not to mention, to gain reputation as a company that manufactures quality and provisionary cell phones. Gender on the other hand is another demographic variable commonly used, for example if Nokia were to aim their products at various age groups they would have to know when, where and how to aim. Thus, results could be astonishing then what seem to be. Ethnicity is a another variable of segmenting markets like Nokia, for example Nokia captures market in Asia hoping to attract buyers and dealers to sell their products and in turn gain status at that. Another is income, it often provides way to divide markets because it strongly influences people product needs. Product like Nokia segmented by income include, cell phones, wireless headset, memory cards and other small parts like battery, cable and installation Cd guide. For social class, consumers tend to be more alike as occupying inferiority or superiority according to their own, thus they are able to move up or down during their lifetime. Psychographics variables of Nokia include personality characteristic, motives and lifestyles, to segment markets. Personality characteristics can be useful for segmentation, like when Nokia is competing with other competitors like Motorola, Samsung, and Sony Ericsson. However, this segmentation can also be very risky, although when appealing to a personality characteristic Nokia also must view opinion from different view. When motives are used, Nokia will probably be divided into different types of categories and likely will be judge by consumers like dealers and buyers. For example, Nokia target from various age groups but mostly aim at 19-39 years old to attract the younger generations into buying their products and hence enjoy growth rate sales as a result. Lastly, behavioral variables for Nokia can be defined as a market according to some feature of consumer behaviors towards it. For example, Nokia can be group into environmentally friendly and will most probably be careful in producing cell phones in the near future due to popular demands. To satisfy the consumers needs Nokia have to be fully aware that setting prices, or even initiate special promotion and distribution activities are very vital in the upbringing of the brand name. For example, a consumer who purchases a cell phone is interested in the specifications or software. Thus, consumers are segmented directly according to their needs and wants. B. Product (Core, Actual and Augmented Products) (Nokia Core Product) As you can see in the picture above, this particular cell phone happens to be a Nokia core product. The design is taken from a famous movie call the Star Wars, this product has many features that are able to solve problems for consumers. For example, if a consumer were to purchase this particular product expects it to be in tip top condition which means brand new and not spoilt. Without the benefits, this product has no value in the market. The actual product of Nokia which includes the core product represents the consumer most basic expectations of a product or service. It is here that basic and identifiable differences between dealers begin to surface. For example, in order to meet expectations of the actual product Nokia has created the product so that consumers have fully understanding of. In the second picture above, it tells that consumers can drag and drop the things that they wan onto the computer using the Nokia cell phone as a mouse. For example, when purchasing this particular device it is also important that a consumer consider the style of the device, the choice of applications, operational software and other extras. Lastly, the augmented products of Nokia, can be define as a bundle for a specific product or service that the consumers expect. For example, the augmentations for a Nokia product may include an extensive warranty and product support package. But it also comes with a disadvantage like differentiating features and consumer needs or wants. Plus such augmentations are not always successful, particularly when its faced in reality majority does not like it because it haves too many hardware or it could also mean that it is too complicated and not user friendly at all. Another reason is that Nokia cell phone could have lots of functions that users find it very difficult to use and instead prefer a less sophisticated cell phone. Hence, consumers should be very careful in choosing the right product to avoid regrets and dissatisfactory results. (Branding, Packaging, Warranties and Customer Service) Nokia branding has been recognize worldwide in today world, Nokia branding strategy involves or shall I say Nokia Group the Finland based manufacturer of mobile has been steadily working on the brand name. Its effectiveness and efficiency has even knock off mobile producer Motorola for the number 1 spot. Nokia has even succeeded in lending their personality and not even give out them names. Not to mention, there are three degrees of brand loyalty which includes recognition, preference and insistence. Brand recognition occurs when consumers see that Nokia exists and views it as an alternative purchase if the preferred brand is unavailable. For example, the Nokia branding strategy proves that its brand can be intangible, including ideas and places. Whereas, brand preference is a stronger degree of brand loyalty and brand insistence occurs when a consumer wants a specific brand like Nokia and will accept no substitute and is willing to spend a great deal of time and effort to acquire it . (Nokia packaging) The picture shows the packaging of Nokia cell phones, packaging functions are manufacture from Nokia on factory and company which is located in Finland. Its purpose is to provide protection from any damages to the cell phone. Another function of this packaging is to offer convenience to consumers and also dealers. For example, the manual guide and installation is provided in the package when consumers buy the cell phone. Not to mention, cable memory card and battery are also put into the box for protection and its also easier to manage rather than splitting them and costing of the outcome is also not cheap. A third function of packaging is also to promote the product by explaining the details of the cell phones like the features, benefits and image to the consumer. Nokia warranties usually include 24 months for the mobile device, twelve months for accessories (whether included in the mobile device sales package or sold separately). Six months for the batteries, chargers, headset and so on and a ninety days period for the replacement, and the repairing of any other items. Lastly, the Nokia Customer Service is usually directed at their website, this is to ensure that consumers do not get the wrong idea and will ask question when is necessary. Consumers can always go to the Nokia website and ask question regarding their cell phone and get feedback from the Nokia Company. Also, remember to ask questions only related to Nokia else questions that do not regard the specific request will most probably be ignored. Also, instead of email-ing those consumers can give Nokia a call also if they find that email is a slow process of having questions being answer slowly. Nokia deserves the right to help those in need of their assistance and requirements. Nokia customer care line is usually the form or means of communicating and getting answers quickly then email. D. Distribution Nokia distribution channels would involve activities that make products available to consumers when and where they want to purchase them. For example, Nokia Corporation has signed with VoIP service of Vyke AS, Mobile IP under the terms of distributing their cell phones or shall I say their products worldwide. This in turns also helps VoIP service of Vyke AS, Mobile IP gain profit and help raise their reputation to be expertise. The ways that consumers can obtain the product is by finding its location of the whereabouts of the Nokia retailer, as for the service of the product consumers can visit the Nokia website for more details and information regarding it. Other channels include TESSCO technologies; to expand the distribution Nokia has selected this particular company to leverage its customer network and superior supply chain management capabilities to open new distribution channels for Nokia cell phone original accessories. Lastly Nokia brilliant strategy is to have its products at the right time and in convenient locations. In dealing with the TESSCO technologies and Vyke AS, it is vital that Nokia carefully plan and strategize their work plan and their workforce together. With these objectives in mind, Nokia will be able to succeed and make its product available to consumers through stores, mail order, catalogues and website ordering. Nowadays, ordering and buying online is one of the common things in consumers. But what is more surprising is how Nokia can achieve it by supplying all the products and in time. The basic strategy of Nokia is to be present in all price ranges. This strategic plan helps them by attracting consumers from around the world to buy their product, for example like the Nokia Smartphone N97 has sold 500,000 since its launch in June. E. Promotion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SbxyLnwFSvI http://www.facebook.com/#!/nokia http://blogs.nokia.com/ There are four possible elements of a promotion mix which are advertising, personal selling, public relations and sales promotion. As you can see in the video above you, this is the advertisement of Nokia product n900. We can conclude that advertising is a paid non-personal communication about an organization and its products transmitted to a target audience through mass media like the video shown above. Advertising on YouTube also helps consumers to see and review the specifications of the product that they might consider buying it. Not to mention, Nokia nowadays has been so popular that advertising on the social network call Facebook has even pop out. Consumers who have an account with Facebook can also see the ongoing promotions that Nokia has produce. As for the blogs, Nokia has created a website that helps consumers read about the featured articles and helps them gain knowledge about Nokia particular products. Whereas, for personal selling Nokia would probably be paid personal communication that seeks to inform customers and persuade them to purchase products in an exchange situation. Personal selling also consists of three types of communication for Nokia, which are the kinesics communication, proxemic communication, and tactile communication. Kinesics communications are usually movement from the head, eyes, arms hands, legs and body. Nokia form of proxemic communication is by communicating in the physical distance like face to face. For example, a consumer may be displaying