Economic Recovery During The 1 :: essays research papers

During the 1920`s many economic problems occurred in Britain. However the main problems did not occur until 1929 when the Wall Street Crash occurred. The Wall Street Crash involved share prices falling to about 1/4 or even less than what they were bought for. This essay will examine how Britain was affected during the 1930`s and will look at the reforms introduced by the National Government. This will be done by examining four areas namely Depression, Labours Response, National Governments Response and other reasons for recovery. By examining these four areas it will hopefully become evident whether or not the reforms introduced by the National Government contributed to economic recovery. Depression was felt world wide especially in America and Britain. America was affected by the wall street crash more than other countries because many people held shares and due to prices falling were unable to pay their debts which led to financial ruin. Due to many people relying on trade from America and little money being available meant that America could not provide trade to the same extent as previous years. Britain was badly hit by depression in areas where industries such as coal, steal and shipbuilding were based. Due to demand for trade in these areas being low many of these industries had to lay off their workforce or even close down. Due to these redundancies and closures the levels of unemployment rose. Areas in Britain which were drastically affected by these closures were Clydeside, South Wales, the North East of England and Northern Ireland. During this time of high unemployment figures peaked at 3 million. This level of unemployment stayed the same for a period of t hree years. Overall it can be seen that depression occurred world wide and that full economic recovery was going to be hard to achieve. It can also be seen that it was going to take a long time to achieve full economic recovery especially in areas which relied on traditional industries. The first party to try and tackle the economic problems was the Labour party led by Ramsey McDonald. Labours approach to tackling the economic problems was to follow the traditional line of the classical economists which was to balance the budget and use laissez faire. Laissez faire meant that the government did not get involved in the economy. Their immediate response was to introduce 10% wage cuts for those working in the public sector e.

Metaphors We Live By :: George Lakoff Mark Johnson Language Essays

Metaphors We Live By In the book Metaphors We Live By, authors George Lakoff and Mark Johnson address the traditional philosophic view denouncing metaphor's influence on our world and our selves (ix). Using linguistic and sociological evidence, Lakoff and Johnson claim that figurative language performs essential functions beyond those found in poetry, clichà ©, and elaborate turns of phrase. Metaphor permeates our daily experiences - not only through systems of language, but also in terms of the way we think and act. The key to understanding a metaphor's effect on behavior, relationships, and how we make sense of our environment, can be found in the way humans use metaphorical language. To appreciate the affects of figurative language over even the most mundane details of our daily activity, it is necessary to define the term, "metaphor" and explain its role in defining the thoughts and actions that structure our conceptual system. According to Lakoff and Johnson, "the essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another" (5). This definition extends to any symbolic type of expressions, like the concept of hate, the spatial direction "up", or the experience of inflation. When our most important life experiences are often too abstract for basic understanding, we attempt to capture the nature of the experience by placing it in a relevant and more easily recognizable context. Three basic types of metaphor are used to, "conceptualize the less clearly delineated in terms of the more clearly delineated"(59). These are: the orientational metaphor, the ontological metaphor, and the structural metaphor. Orientational metaphor organizes concepts by giving them a spatial orientation. These metaphoric representations are not random; they are based on the structure of our bodies, and how we physically interact in a specific culture or environment. Metaphors like "I'm falling asleep," "he dropped dead," and, "You are under my control" provide a spatial relationship between the human subject and something found in the world. The authors explain that, while directional oppositions (up-down, in-out, front-back, etc.) are physical in nature, they aren't always the same for every culture. For example, while some cultures may see the future as ahead of us, others view it as behind us (14). Ontological metaphors involve ways of viewing intangible concepts, such as feelings, activities, and ideas as entities. When we identify these experiences as substances, we can "refer to them, categorize them, group them, and quantify them - and, by this means, reason about them" (25).

All i Want For my Birthday

Mars Is a delightful and enlightening book that reveals the unparalleled complexity of the human brain. Sacks, an accomplished neurologist and author, presents seven case studies that highlight different neurological phenomena. In his case studies, Sacks follows a newly colliding painter, a man who can create no new memories, a surgeon with Trustee's syndrome, a blind man who regains his sight, a painter obsessed with images from his childhood, an autistic boy artist, and a high-functioning autistic roofless.Sacks does not treat his case studies as dry medical oddities but rather discusses their neurological experiences within their broader human existence. Unlike other authors who know their patients only distantly, Sacks works intimately with his case studies and develops meaningful relationships that translate into a deeper, more Insightful understanding of his patients and their experiences. While Sacks Is clearly a brilliant neurologist, what makes this book so powerful Is his a bility to weave In medicine, science, history, and philosophy Into a coherent narrative.Every case study illuminates a series of important and thought-provoking questions that challenge the everyday assumptions of perception, reality, intelligence, and what it means to be human. In the end, the reader emerges with a better appreciation of the complexity of the human mind. Sacks does not look at simply the pathological and physiological way that the disease affects the individual but how the individual reacts to the disorder and how, in each of these cases, they retain their own sense of self despite what the disease/doodler does to them.Sacks does not Just throw a barrage of patients with neurological scissors at the reader, but rather goes through the lives of seven patients and observes them In their natural life. He presents not only their disorder, but how It affects their daily life, how their perception of the world is different, and the creative ways that they have come up to deal with their disorder. According to his case studies and brief synopsis there are seven cases he presented in the book.One is â€Å"The Case of the Colliding Painter this case his case talks about the predicament of a painter who after sixty five years had an accident which robbed him entirely of his color vision. A man, who had had a distinguished career as an artist with numerous vividly colored paintings and abstractions In his studio, could no longer even Imagine color. The painter eventually accepted his predicament and started to paint black-and-white representations Instead of dwelling on the loss of his ability to paint In color.As Sacks explains, â€Å"†¦ A revision was occurring, so that as his former color world and even the memory of it became fainter and died inside also involves an artist who loses his color perception ability after an accident. â€Å"Would it be â€Å"normal† from the moment vision was restored? Was not experience necessary to see? Did one have to learn to see? † (Sacks 109). The author details the patient cases and uses it as one of the ways in giving an account of how the modern understanding of vision works.From this, there are lessons learnt from the inability of the artist to also remember the colors. The diseases focused on in the essays affect the ways in which individuals know and understand themselves.. In this case they call this illness is â€Å"Cerebral achromatic is a type of color-blindness caused by damage to the cerebral cortex of the brain, rather than abnormalities in the cells of he eye's retina. It is often confused with congenital achromatic but underlying physiological deficits of the disorders are completely distinct.It is shows the signs and symptoms of Patients with cerebral achromatic deny having any experience of color when asked and fail standard clinical assessments like the Farnsworth- Mussels 100-hue test (a test of color ordering with no naming requirements). Patients may often not notice their loss of color vision and merely describe the world they see as being â€Å"drab†. Most describe seeing the world in â€Å"shades of gray†. This observation totes a key difference between cerebral and congenital achromatic, as those born with achromatic have never had an experience of color or gray.It can diagnosis he most common tests perform to diagnose cerebral achromatic are the Farnsworth-Mussels 100-hue test, the Ashier plate test, and the color-naming test. Testing and diagnosis for cerebral achromatic is often incomplete and misdiagnosed in doctor's offices. 2 Remarkably, almost 50% of tested patients diagnosed with cerebral achromatic are able to perform normally on the color-naming test. However, these results are Mathew in question because of the sources from which many of these reports come.Only 29% of cerebral achromatic patients successfully pass the Ashier plate test, which is a more accepted and more standardized test for color bl indness. In order for one to be in a position to understand their subjects appropriately, the personality method of investigation is vital. Therefore, spending ample time with your subjects is very crucial in this field. I find â€Å"An anthropologist on Mars† fascinating since it gives man opportunity to view peoples' brains conditions as well as study them to the letter. The fascinating neurological stories explore some of the unique experiences and perceptions of oneself.The saddest thing about the study on disorders of the nervous system and the brain is that the condition of most of the patients is beyond repair. This is irrespective of the diverse scope of knowledge in the book. The passion in me to know more about science related cases especially on first hand authors method of finding ways to help patients to be fit again is fantastic. I arrive to this conclusion after reading how he has tackled cases in certain disorders facing the neuron system and the brain. These are Kormas syndrome and Trustees syndrome.Patients in these unusual disorders should be given information on how to cope to the conditions they find themselves in. This should be done without necessarily considering whether the patient's outcome. All the professionals involved in this field should incorporate this idea into their profession to spur them to enviable success. In addition, utilizing different neurological techniques to learn each of the subjects in a respectful and personal manner is also important. 3 Most of those operating in this field tend to go by the results given by the clinic.However, this is not always advisable since you maybe condemning someone to a their death whereas a lot can be done to improve his condition. Having the curiosity to discover the beauty in the minds of the affected people will help you achieve this goal far much easier. All this should be done in environments that make the affected feel comfortable rather than undermined. This is through c reating time for private outings with every patient you are in contact with as well making arrangements to bond with them through their activities. This enables one to learn more and figure out their problems.Being a step ahead and having better ideas on how to treat the individual under medical examination is also important. Each of the chapters in â€Å"An anthropologist on Mars† has a cast of significant characters, setting, and plot. The elements portrayed in the book weave together creating a fascinating story. The individuals undergoing examination are astonishing and how the author manages to counter the sterile account of the relative neurological functioning found in psychiatric Journals is brilliant. I am amazed by how the author describes interactions, setting and personal feelings of the subjects.

Individualism in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is clearly a cautionary tale that spells the moral and sociological implications of the philosophy of the Enlightenment. There is a tendency to limit the theme of the novel to science, and thereby to ignore the underlying philosophy. But the scientist is only encouraged, or discouraged, by the social and philosophical milieu in which he exists. In this sense the rise of modern science must be properly attributed to the philosophy of Enlightenment, that which believed in the infinite perfectibility of man through the strict practice of reason.If experimental philosophy is one expression of this philosophy, then philosophic individualism is another. This latter philosophy maintains that the human being is intrinsically free, and therefore his nature is ultimately good, which also implies that it is devoid of evil. Apparent evil only reflects the constraints of man as a social being. The aim of politics must therefore be to minimize society and encoura ge the individual as far as possible. The extreme manifestation of such thinking is anarchism. We next take note that Mary Shelley was brought up in a climate of extreme anarchism.Both her parents were anarchists, and she was brought up in the same mould. Her husband, the celebrated poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, was also an avowed anarchist and atheist. Therefore the novel may be fruitfully analyzed from the point of view of philosophic individualism. Victor Frankenstein is not the representative of science in the novel, as is normally believed. The true such representative is the explorer Robert Walton, who is on a scientific expedition to the Artic Circle. This location symbolizes the extreme edge of the material universe.The journey symbolizes the straightforward and happy path to knowledge. Such an attitude is reflected in Walton’s following comment, made in a letter to his sister: â€Å"What may not be expected in a country of eternal light? † (Shelley 16). Science p romises to throw clear and eternal light on all things, and the path is a straightforward one of experiment and induction. Walton is not supposed to know of that which lurks beneath the surface, and he only comes to know it through the narrated experience of Frankenstein, whom he picks up on the way.He may not understand the full implication of what Frankenstein tells him, but the implied caution is enough, so he aborts his mission and turns his ship back. He is able to absorb enough of the message, that the practice of science is fraught with danger, and that it is not wise to strive towards the limits of knowledge.Frankenstein is far more than a mere scientist. Not mere rational explanations, he aims for â€Å"the philosopher's stone and the elixir of life† (Ibid 48). He sees science as a futile endeavor if it can never come to the ultimate cause of things, and must then only dabble with immediate causes.He shuns science in favor of alchemy on his first entering university. Alchemy is the arcane discipline which takes into account the limitations of science, and aims to overcome them by the more profound understanding of the processes of Creation itself. In the end it is science that is employed in the creation of â€Å"the creature†, but is also certain the secret of generation lies with alchemy. The latter is successful only when it overcomes the limitations of science. Therefore the creature, which is imbued with life, must be called a successful union of alchemy and science.Frankenstein is in the end an alchemist. He must operate in the darkest secrecy, this being the only mode of alchemy. Concerning the arcane sciences Montaigne has observed, â€Å"[T]o go according to nature is only to go according to our intelligence, as far as it can follow and as far as we can see; what is beyond is monstrous and disordered† (391). Caught up in such monstrous designs, Frankenstein cannot explain himself throughout the novel, even as the menace o f the monster becomes more and more severe. The aspect of philosophic individualism appears when we come to consider the creature itself.As soon as it has come to life it is an individual, and the inevitable comparison appears with the prototype individual, which is Adam. The parallel comparison is between the Creator and Frankenstein. What is the implication of this conceit to mimic the Creator? A vital clue is found in how Shelley describes the inspirational vision that led her to write the novel, which is included in the Preface to the 1831 edition: â€Å"Frightful must it be,† she says, â€Å"for supremely frightful would be the effect of any human endeavor to mock the stupendous mechanism of the Creator of the world† (qtd. in Lederer et al, 3).It is inevitable that the creature turn out to be a horror. All involved come to this essential truth. Frankenstein realizes this as soon as he sees the first muscle twitch. To the creature too the horror unfolds after he is allowed to compare himself with â€Å"true† creatures. His discovery of Milton’s Paradise Lost is a consummation of his understanding. He has observed the sublime virtues of the human by observing village life from afar. He feels such virtue swelling inside himself. But to express this he must have society, and his horrid demeanor will not allow him to have human company.He is truly alone, and then he discovers the parallel to his own situation in the plight of Adam when alone in Eden. The difference is that Adam’s creator is loving and forgiving, whereas his own creator has forsaken him in revulsion. He knows that the only path open to him is to excite pity in the heart of his creator. Like Adam, he asks for a female being of his kind, whose company will console him. But this is not to be, because his creator hates him too strongly. The moral of the tale seems to be that the overreach of learning tends towards alienation.In the first instance we have Victor Fr ankenstein, whose mad quest for the secret of vitality impels him into a solitary endeavor, and from which there can be no link back to society. Even when the whole thing has gone horribly wrong, and all those close to him are imperiled, and are being murdered one by one, he cannot explain what is intrinsically a secret. The creature too is no less a catastrophe. As Paul Sherwin notes, â€Å"[T]he evacuation of the spiritual presence from the world of the novel suggests that Frankenstein is more a house of ruins than the house divided† (883).The creature is intelligent and sensitive, but suffers the more so because it brings home to him the total wretchedness of his condition. To the world he is a monster, and only his creator can redeem him, through compassion and pity. Both creator and creature have been cut adrift from the world as forsaken individuals. They have both become monstrosities, and indeed the structure of the novel itself is monstrous in many ways, as has been suggested by Daniel Cottom (60). Alienation is shown to be the product of Enlightenment philosophy and the Industrial Revolution.The process of individuation in the West can be traced back to the Protestant Reformation. Calvinism and Puritanism only masked the inner tendency towards individualism, which burst forth in the 18th century as the Enlightenment. The doctrine of Calvin is inimical to all institutions. The very idea of the new individual is what animated Milton to rewrite the story of Creation in Paradise Lost. The latent anarchism of the new faith is found in the following lines where Adam complains to God: Did I request thee, Maker from my clay To mould Me man?Did I solicit thee From darkness to promote me? (Milton 269) We hear a clear echo of the creatures’ lament in these words. So in Milton himself, who was a staunch Puritan, we find the seed of Frankenstein’s monster. In his younger days he wrote scathing anarchist texts, such as Areopagitica. Anarchism has always been a growing trend in the political thinking of the West from Milton onwards. John Locke and Edmund Burke were key proponents in this regards. William Godwin came to voice an extreme form of such thinking, which became extremely influential.When Hazlitt came to sum up the spirit of the age, he put the name of Godwin at the forefront. (Bowerbank 418). With Godwin, not only all socio-political institutions, but even the institution of marriage was suspect. This is the milieu that Shelley imbibed, and came to depict in her novel.The new individual is not always an anarchist by choice. The common man is more likely to be individualist by compulsion. Here we have the distinction between Frankenstein and the creature. The plight of the common man is no less tragic. He is a creature of mechanization, and is alienated from all that surrounds him.Frankenstein’s creature is symbolic of the new individual. It can only appeal to its creator, and is therefore doomed to live w ith mechanization. In this way Shelley paints for us a haunting picture of the new reality which the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution had brought about. In conclusion, Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is a cautionary tale about respecting the limits of science, but at an even more profound level it depicts the alienated individual of modern industrial society. Shelley was brought up in a climate of intense individualism.Her parents were anarchists, as was her husband, and she kept regular company with poets and artists who lived and thought in this mode. In the novel, Robert Walton is representative of science, but Victor Frankenstein is a far more important character, because he represents the arcane philosophy that sustains science. But the most important depiction is of the monstrous creature, who is representative of the new individual.Works CitedBowerbank, Sylvia. â€Å"The Social Order vs The Wretch: Mary Shelley's Contradictory-Mindedness in Frankenstein. † ELH. Vol. 46, No. 3 (Autumn, 1979), pp. 418-431.Cottom, Daniel. â€Å"Frankenstein and the Monster of Representation. † SubStance. Vol. 9, No. 3, Issue 28 (1980), pp. 60-71.Lederer, Susan E; Elizabeth Fee, Patricia Tuohy. Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of Nature. Rutgers University Press, 2002.Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York: Collector's Library, 2004.Milton, John. Paradise lost and other poems. Ed. Edward Le Comte. New York: Signet Classic, 2003.Montaigne, Michel de. The Complete Essays of Montaigne. Ed. Donald Murdoch Frame. Stanford University Press, 1965.Sherwin, Paul. â€Å"Frankenstein: Creation as Catastrophe. † PMLA. Vol. 96, No. 5 (Oct. , 1981), pp. 883-903.

Sun Zis Art Of War

We all recognize that a large force has numerical power and when they move in groups, they are able to defeat a lot of challenge, but one mortal characteristics of a large force in my mind is flexibility. It cannot move fast because request from one point will take a long time to travel to the critical and important places in the force. This makes a large force less agile than a small force and we all know speed is of the aspect both in war and business. ‘ Organization Structure' defined how is tour company structured?How many departments are there? How many levels are there between the head of department to the lowest level? These are some of the inquiry you should follow up when you are surveying your organization structure. You also have to determine if there is a need to build a new department for a certain objective. ‘Formation' now in those days, when Sun Uzi was writing the book , formations would refer to how the infantry, army and chariots are arranged and positi oned in the battlefield. You would then ask, what is formation' in the business world?It compress to how you piece your employees. Communication' is the next important condition, you need to have information flow to related departments and critical staff. But there is one particular way where it could delay information progress and that is human fault. An account would then be effective here. Organization may have to manage a structure such that employees who take right actions are satisfied. Line 5. 19 & 5. 20 When gushing torrential water tosses stones and pushes boulders, it is because of the force created by its momentum.When the ferocious strike of an eagle breaks the body of its prey, it is because of the exact moment and timing of its engagement. Sun Uzi used two analogies to accent the importance of TV conditions and they are timing and momentum. With momentum, even the eagle was able to break the body of the prey without much effort and water that does not have a solid shap e is able to push big stones and with good timing. When the gushing torrential water tosses stones pushing boulders, it is because of the force of its momentum. When the cruel beat of an eagle, breaks the body of its prey, it is because of the timing of the strike.Thus the momentum and ores of the skillful in battle are so murderous and overwhelming and his timing of engagement is swift and precise. MOMENTUM Where and how can we use momentum in business? One condition where we can use momentum is advertising. Where you are entering into a new market, the first most important thing you should do is to establish your marketing operation properly. Your marketing operation must set up momentum, having continuous and stable disclosure of your products and brand to the new consumers, repetition help consumers to remember your product and brand better.Approach to make the consumers remember your brands and products are slogans, jingles, logos and many more. Many consumers have favored sens es to absorb and learn things. Logos would demand to people who are more visual in slogan, jingles, learning would appeal more to people who are more auditory. That is reason why most of the marketing operation has both. Repetition would create momentum for your advance into a new market. You are able to let yourself be remarked in the new market and user. Do some analysis on those competitors who are running in the new markets you are advancing.TIMING Good timing can make flourish and bad timing can make kill. If we are able to time our selling an purchase of shares well, we would obtain the maximum amount of profits. The timing of entering a new market is very important to our business. There are two conditions, which is knowledge and experience to help us able to get the right timing in our business. Knowledge allows us to gauge a range of time when opportunities is about to happen as such we can make establishment to take the opportunity.We can earn consistent knowledge on our o wn but to be able to grasp the timing rightly, it would irately depend on attitude and experience. Because timing is like shooting an arrow, you can have knowledge of the wind guidance, the bows strength, the angle to shoot at and many more, but when it comes to practical, which is releasing the arrow, it takes experience. In the other hand, these is good and bad timing to execute business decisions. Bad economic times although results in lower sales, it also means lower costs of development as well.As the common phrase said, ‘Practice makes perfect' it never says ‘Knowledge makes perfect'. 5. 5 In any battle situation and condition, there are only the direct and indirect approaches and forces. Sun Uzi mentioned to use direct force to match the enemy and using indirect force to win the enemy. And in the next few sentences, he mentioned that the combinations of these two types of forces are infinite and its communications and can produce awesome results. In battle, use th e direct forces to match the enemy, and use the indirect forces to win the enemy.So that, the person who is skillful at using indirect forces, can use it in flow of water in streams and rivers. Direct and indirect forces are like the beginning and the end and also like the ever changing character of the sun and moon, direct and indirect forces recover and disappear like the changes of the four seasons. There are Only five basic notes but their modifications and combinations can create many musical grade that one is not possible to hear them all. There are only five basic colors, but their mixes and matches produce so many visuals that one is not possible to view them all.There are only five basic flavors, but their blends and mixtures produce so many tastes that one is not Seibel to taste them all. In the battle, there are only the direct and indirect forces. However the changes and combinations between the two are infinite. Their communications and combinations are like two never-e nding, interlink rings where possibilities of its beginning and endings cannot be determined. The indirect forces in battle would be related to the intangibles. Direct forces in the battle would be related to the pricing or quality of products or services in business, factors that are easily duplicated by competitors. Rice and laity can be easily simulated but it is the intangibles that are difficult to duplicate, it usually gives a business a sustainable competitive edge over his rivals and allows differentiation between services and products easily. Try to relevant as much as possible, but concentrate of using indirect forces as well as you can.

Martin Luther King I Have a Dream Essay

2. In Martin Luther King Jr’s speech he uses a variety of vivid phrases that paint a picture for the audience. For example: â€Å"crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination† † the negro is still languishing in the corners of society and finds himself an exile in his own land† â€Å"let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.† These phrases attribute to gaining his audience’s attention and emotion. 3. Primary points in his speech: African American individuals are being discriminated against in society, even though the emancipation proclamation granted all slaves citizenship. America will not be tranquil as long as there is segregation. MLK and his followers will only be a part of a peaceful protest. If America is to be a great nation freedom is imperative among all people. 4. It is clear that MLK is very passionate about what he says in his speech. While staying passionate, he understands that he will not win the war against segregation by being bitter and angry. My interpretation is that he is in a way confident that this issue will be resolved, and he knows that this ongoing issue will not be resolved immediately. 5. The audience in this case would be pretty much everybody in the United States at the time as well as us today. MLK probably didn’t know that his speech would make such a big impact in our world today, but his speech was aimed toward American society as a whole. 6. Without hesitation I will say that MLK does succeed with his message. Our country today has minimal racial injustice and people can be judged by their character. I think that the reason he has succeeded is attributed to his attitude and poise that he demonstrates during the speech. His message  would not have been accepted if he was to lash out in anger and criticize the white man.

American Japanese Internment Camps Essay Example for Free

American Japanese Internment Camps Essay Japanese Americans refer to all Americans of the Japanese heritage who were born in Japan or the descendants of those who were born in Japan. Initially, they were the largest Asian American group but currently they are sixth largest group in those of mixed race and mixed ethnicity. The largest group of these people is found in California while others are distributed in other states such as Washington, New York, Illinois and Hawaii.   Although every year there is quite a considerable number of Japanese immigrants who enter United States, the net migration still remains low since the older Japanese Americans still leave United States and go back to their original country, Japan. Japanese Americans have a long history in the United States since history records that the first group arrived American in the late 1800s.   In the year 1942, the United States government forced all the Japanese Americans and the Japanese who had settled along the Pacific Coast to relocate to war relocation camps which were referred to as internment camps.   Since the internment camps resulted from the presence of Japanese Americans, this research shall first focus on their history and later discuss about the internment camps. 2.0   History of Japanese Americans in the 19th Century United States has ever been known as the country of immigrants as a result of war, food shortages and political persecutions in other countries where the immigrants hail from. Japanese people happen to make a large percentage of the immigrants, and as highlighted earlier, they began to migrate in to the United States from the late 1800s.   The main cause of the immigration of the Japanese was to work in the sugar plantations which were established along the Pacific by traders who had settled in the Hawaiian Kingdom. The sugar industry had grown tremendously as it was aided by the Americas civil war in the year 1861-1865, and that called for more workers after the Hawaiian population was decreasing due to disease. Other workers were leaving the plantations for better work, and as a result the Hawaii’s foreign minister sought more workers from Japan. Consequently, in the year 1868, the first one hundred and forty nine Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii.   Since they were not used to the harsh conditions in the region and all the hard work in the sugar plantations, about forty of them returned to Japan. The rest went ahead and even intermarried with the Hawaii residents. The first Japanese immigrants in to the Hawaii gave formed the Japanese American community.   In the year 1886, the Japan and the Hawaii signed labor convection after which a lot of Japanese migrants arrived to Hawaii as contract workers and some went to California as student laborers.   According to the studies of Niiya and Japanese American National Museum-Los Angeles, Calif. (1993), the Japanese migration to Hawaii was mainly labor migration which intensified following Chinese exclusion from the United States in the year 1882.   It also involved emigration back to Japan and also to West Coast. It was halted by the Gentlemen’s Agreement in the year 1908 and finally by the Exclusion Act in the year 1924. 2.1   Reasons for the Japanese Migration to America Although most of the Japanese went to America for the contract labor, some still had others reasons. For instance, some just followed their parents like the case of one teenage girl who narrates that she just followed her dad. In another case, a woman followed her spouse after he had stayed for quite some time without returning back to Japan. Though she had thought that they would make enough money and return home, they ended up settling there permanently. Student’s immigrants also made a good number of Japanese Americans especially in San Francisco. In the year 1890, there were about three thousand Japanese students in America. Since they did not have enough money for their upkeep and studies, they resulted in to working in the plantations to earn extra money. Consequently, they ended up living in very poor conditions and one newspaper described them as â€Å"poor students and youths who have rashly left their native shores. Hundred of such are landed every year, with miserably scant funds in their pockets†¦Their objection is to earn with labor of their hands, a pittance sufficient to enable them to pursue their studies in language, sociology and politics† (Niiya & Japanese American National Museum (Los Angeles, Calif.) 1993 pp. 3). 2.2   Japanese Americans Life in the Early 20th Century Contrary to what most Japanese had expected, life in America was quite hard for any one else other than the Native Americans.   The life and the work were made difficult by the banks, labor recruiters, and the immigration agents who used to charge Japanese immigrants extortion fees. In addition to the economic exploitation, the Japanese Americans also used to face racial discrimination. The social attitude, laws, and practices limited and excluded them from enjoying life fully, liberty, and also property. The salary that they were getting was barely enough to sustain them, leave alone saving money to enable them go back to Japan.   Most of them wished they were back in Japan like one worker who used to be paid fourteen dollars a month and out of those dollars, he used to pay more than half for the sleeping quarters. The rest was spent in buying food and other personal use.   In such a situation, it was practically hard for such a person to save enough money that would have enab led him to go back to Japan. As a result, majority were eventually forced to settle completely in America (Niiya, & Japanese American National Museum (Los Angeles, Calif.) 1993). The harsh living conditions of Japanese Americans continued to worsen as the years progressed.   In the year 1941, the situation worsened further especially after the Japan attacked and damaged the Pearl Harbor. The Americans accused the Japanese Americans of collaborating with Japan and as a result, they betrayed America. Since every one had started spreading rumors of how the Japanese Americans had helped Japan in the war, the whole of the American population started to have a bad altitude towards them.   As a result, many people started to propose for their removal from the Western States, as they feared Japan might attack them from West Coast although Japan did not have such plans. However, other Americans had other reasons for their removal since some coveted their farms. The groups who were pressing for the Japanese Americans removal from the West Coast continued to increase as groups like Anti-immigration Organizations, Chambers of Commerce from every city, and the American Legion joined the rest who were pressing for the same. The major reason why the Americans wanted the Japanese Americans removed was mere hatred other than the reasons that they were giving initially. Henry McLemore, one of the San Francisco Examiner was quoted to have said that â€Å"let us have no patience with the enemy or with any one whose veins carry his blood.† He continued to say that â€Å"I personally hate Japanese† (Spickard 2009 pp. 106). Still, some politicians continued to express their sentiments towards Japanese as some said that it was impossible to know whether they were loyal or not and were often referred to as inscrutable Orientals. With such hatred, it was obvious that the Japanese Americans were not going to escape relocation. The decision of relocating or imprisoning the Japanese Americans was made in the Washington D.C. by the administration of Roosevelt guided by the military leaders. They were arguing that it was of military necessity to do so, though they were not able to demonstrate that necessity. The military leaders believed that Japanese were dangerous regardless of whether they are loyal or not. Moreover, they continued to argue that even giving them citizenship was not to help in any way, since that would not change their nature. Despite the fact that there were a few protests who argued that they had already jailed all the dangerous Japanese Americans, the administration went ahead and made the decision to remove all of them from the West Coast. Studies of Spickard (2009) record that on 19th February 1942, President Roosevelt issued executive order 9066 that empowered the Secretary of War, Henry Stimson, to designate military areas with an aim of excluding Japanese Americans from the West Coas t. As a result, Arizona, Washington, Oregon and California were divided in to two military regions and the Japanese Americans were prohibited from western parts of the states and some inland sections. Following the order, some of the Japanese Americans started to move towards east with their belongings and family. However, moving with such a short notice was almost impossible for them and many American did not want them to settle in their territories. They were continuously harassed, and due to this, they continued to move to the east.   One governor from Idaho was quoted to have said that â€Å"The Japs live like rats, breed like rats, and act like rats. We do not want them buying or leasing land or becoming permanently settled in our state† (Spickard, 2009 pp.107). When voluntary migration failed to produce desirable results, on March 27, DeWitt stopped it and put travel restrictions on the Japanese Americans in the military zone. In addition, the army decided to move all of them in the concentration camps. The concentration camps were the barbed wire enclosures where the Japanese Americans were moved to after the executive order was issued in the year 1942, to bar them from residing in the West Coast parts of America. Though there had been camps earlier in the history of America, these camps were exceptional because a whole ethnic group was forced to reside there. Since Japanese Americans were passive by nature and accepted anything that was imposed on them, as some people argue, they did not resist moving in to the camps neither did they move out of the same without an order. Some people planed to resist legally though much was not derived from the same, since it did not stop them from being evacuated from their places. Studies of Spickard (2009), record that during the evacuation day, one hundred and twelve thousand Japanese Americans were taken to the evacuation camps. The camps were of very poor conditions since it is recorded that even the ground was wet especially on the day of evacuation. There was no adequate light and the rooms were very small. The environment was not favorable either since it was hot during the day and very cold at night. Whichever the case, they had no alternative but to stay in the barbed wire enclosures. The ten camps were located at different locations particularly in the interior west, in the isolated desert areas. Some of the camps were located at Amache, Minidoka, Poston, Manzanar California, Jerome, Tula lake California and Heart Mountain. After evacuation, only six Japanese Americans remained in the local hospitals since they were seriously sick.   Since they were living communally, all facilities were being shared by about two fifty people. Given that the conditions in the camps were not conducive at all, around one thousand and two hundred left the camps when they were given the chance of joining the US Army. Although many of the Japanese Americans had become desperate and frustrated at first given that some of them even attempted suicide, they later decided to adapt to the life of the camps. Each camp had a government owned farm land that was leased to them; they engaged in agricultural activities and produced poultry and dairy products. The cost of food was not high and other services like the medical cares were provided free of charge. Education was also offered free of charge up to the high school level and majority of the internees were recruited as teachers and others were trained to fit in the employment programs that were available at the camps. 3.1   Japanese Americans Life after Relocation from Concentration Camps After January 1945, all people were finally allowed to leave the internment camps.   The Japanese Americans were given the identification card and they were told that once they presented them to the authorities, they would be allowed to go back to their homes. However, though the government had allowed them to leave, they were still afraid of the Americans for they were still hostile towards them. Even the people who received them were similarly harassed by the rest.   One man who had returned to California in May after the executive order was removed was quoted to have said â€Å"Everybody was afraid of being attacked by the white people. The war was still going on at that time and prejudice and oppression were very severe† (Niiya & Japanese American National Museum-Los Angeles, Calif., 1993 pp. 19) as he described the situation. Moreover, on top of racial discrimination and other forms of harassment, the Japanese Americans still went through a lot trying to rebuild their lives once again. The Japanese Americans are among the many immigrant groups found in the United States. Since the late 1800s nearly half a million Japanese immigrants have settled in America and more than twice of that number today claim Japanese ancestry.   Although they went to America being optimistic that they would work hard and establish themselves, some of these dreams were never realized. Some thought that after making some money, they would go back to their motherland which never came to be since life in America was characterized by a lot of economic hardships. In addition, they faced a lot of prejudice and were discriminated against. The worst came to worst during the Second World War when all the Japanese Americans were forced in to camps with no apparent reason –other than being of the same ancestry with the America’s enemy, Japan. The relocation camps which were located far from the West Coast were characterized by the poor living conditions.   Since the year 1942 when the Japanese Americans was relocated to the internment camps, they were able to go back after the year 1945 when the executive order was finally removed. American Japanese Internment Camps. (2016, Oct 16). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you