terror in french revolun essays

fear in french revolu'n expositions The Terror, for the most part perceived similar to the timespan of 1793 1794, considered a to be acceleration of savagery as distress increased, and the beliefs were consistently the main impetus behind the mercilessness; their criticalness didn't reduce, yet rather developed in quality as they advocated the viciousness. The standards that prompted the Revolution and accordingly its Terror stage began in the Age of Enlightenment, which was, as Wikipedia portrays, a scholarly development in eighteenth Century Europe. This period included the analysis of existing the norm, which implied testing set up organizations, for example, the congregation and the legislature. These educated people accepted that answer for the universes issues was discerning reasoning, and in this way evaded religion and social structures like feudalism for deism and republics. The thoughts from the Enlightenment about religion and the legislature were helped through into the Revolution, and the Terror, where protection from them was met with ruthlessness. So as to completely welcome the Terror of the French Revolution, the unrest itself must be investigated. There were a few reasons for the upset, including the hatred of the Kings absolutist forces, sharpness toward the out of line medieval framework by the lower classes, the presentation of Enlightenment beliefs, unmanageable national obligations (both due to and fueling the tax assessment framework), and extraordinary food deficiencies in the years straightforwardly before the transformation. Franã §ois Mignet says this of the insurgency: Somewhat the old request capitulated to its own unbending nature notwithstanding an evolving world; somewhat, it tumbled to the aspirations of a rising bourgeoisie, aligned with distressed workers and breadwinners and with people of all classes who had gone under the impact of the thoughts of the Enlightenment ... As the upset continued and as force regressed from the government to authoritative ... <!

Operant Conditioning Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Operant Conditioning Paper - Essay Example Operant Conditioning is broadly utilized in brain research as well as in other various settings. An individual carries on with a certain goal in mind because of the reaction (upgrades) he encounters in his condition. At the point when these reactions are fortified, at that point the individual or creature is molded to react. Operant Conditioning doesn't utilize the experimentation strategy in deciding a person’s response to a specific reaction. It is straightforwardly experienced by the person through a specific involvement with his condition. Fortifications mean â€Å"to fortify or make strong† however they can be both positive just as negative. A reinforcer is considered positive when the support is introduced or happens. Then again, a negative support is the point at which the fortification is pulled back. So as to smother a person’s conduct, contrary fortification is used, yet that doesn’t imply that antagonistic support is discipline. Adverse reinforcers are regularly used to address a person’s conduct by evacuating the constructive reinforcer and supplanting it with the contrary one. This causes the person to condition or react in an alternate manner by diminishing the result or danger of discipline, along these lines improving his conduct. Operant Behavior is shaped by the outcomes an individual gets in nature. The opportunity of an individual is influenced all the while. (Skinner, 1971) If the individual has encountered positive fortifying outcomes for the most part feel a feeling of opportunity, yet this isn't the situation in negative results. As indicated by B.F Skinner, â€Å"The exploratory examination of operant conduct has prompted an innovation frequently called conduct modification†. (B.F Skinner, 1971) Between the encouraging feedback and Negative fortification, the one that is generally utilized in the rectification of conduct is the Negative support. In such a situation, the difficulty causing outcomes are evacuated and supplanted with different results,

Establishing a Winning Corporate Strategy

Establishing a Winning Corporate Strategy “Leadership and learning are indispensable to each other” â€" John F. Kennedy.Walking into the office of most business executives, the keen observer may notice a trend: bookshelves filled with management guides, motivational marketing books and leadership manuals. There is a common ground among successful leaders: they are constantly learning. The business leader who truly wants to grow their business will most likely seek advice and help from those who have successfully navigated the road.Most business development books agree: to remain competitive in the marketplace, a successful company must develop a corporate strategy. A recent online search for books about corporate strategy resulted in 36,598 titles available from an internet retailer. While it is always a good idea to brush up on leadership skills and ideas, it isn’t feasible to wade through thousands of books â€" at least not if one wants to remain in a leadership position. Want to develop a corporate strategy but donâ €™t want the hassle of trying to find a book that will help? © Shutterstock.com | Rawpixel.comIn this article, we look at 1) defining corporate strategy, 2) why you need a corporate strategy, 3) components needed to develop a unique strategy, 4) the strategy framework â€" a look from all sides, and 5) famous strategy frameworks.DEFINING CORPORATE STRATEGYMany times, corporations develop what they call ‘Corporate Strategies”, but are disappointed with lackluster results and dismal returns. Before developing a corporate strategy, it is important to understand what a corporate strategy is, as well as what a corporate strategy isn’t.Corporate strategy is often confused with other key elements of business planning. According to the dictionary, strategy is defined as the “careful plan or method for achieving a particular goal usually over a long period of time”. With that definition in mind, consider what a corporate strategy is not.A corporate strategy is NOT a mission statement. The mission (or vision) of your company may guide the dire ction of your strategy, but simply composing a short paragraph about what the company intends to do will not propel your company to success.A corporate strategy is NOT a business plan. Laying out a series of steps for financial success is important, but a corporate strategy entails more than financial guidelines.   Well-developed corporate strategy will produce the framework for a business plan, but encompasses much more.A corporate strategy is NOT a list of short term goals, although it may include elements of immediate action items. It is more than simply maintaining the current market trends, and involves careful consideration of the danger of mediocrity.A winning corporate strategy is a set of key choices that can generate success. It is specific guidelines that a company can use to reach target customers, maintain an edge over competitors and increase their bottom line. Establishing a long term corporate strategy gives businesses more than a vision; it gives the tools to make t he vision a reality. An effective corporate strategy is both static and fluid: the ultimate result is defined, but the path to get there may change as needed. Developing a winning corporate strategy takes collaboration, time and effort. If it were easy, though, everyone would do it. Lead, don’t follow â€" establish a corporate strategy and jump ahead of the competition.WHY YOU NEED A CORPORATE STRATEGYUnderstanding corporate strategy is important. Equally as important is the understanding of why you need one. Consider a business as a jigsaw puzzle. The mission â€" or vision â€" of the company is the picture on the box. The outside edge, with the straight sides, is the framework of the company. The middle of the puzzle is filled with the details: the daily operation of the business.   A completed puzzle? Success; both intrinsic and extrinsic. Take away any of the puzzle parts and it doesn’t work. If the box is missing, it is hard to know how to fit the pieces together.   Having a box but missing pieces creates gaps and lessens the end result. The middle of the puzzle with no outside edge can lead to a misshapen, poorly formed picture. You need all of the elements of the puzzle to successfully create a picture.In the same way, you need all of the elements of a business: a business plan, a company vision, well-defined corporate structure, as well as a corporate strategy to keep it all together.   A winning corporate strategy brings all of the elements of a business together, and gives them a purpose, similarly to the box that the puzzle comes in. By combining all the elements of a business within the framework of a corporate strategy, a company can maximize success.Evaluating top companies across a variety of markets reveals that having a clear corporate strategy is often the difference between an average company and a winning company. The art of business is often referred to as a game. Winning coaches are typically questioned about the strategy they employed to win the game, and their plan is mimicked by others who want to capitalize on their success in hopes of realizing their own. For any company wishing to ‘win’ the business game, developing a successful corporate strategy requires several key elements.COMPONENTS NEEDED TO DEVELOP A UNIQUE STRATEGY © Entrepreneurial InsightsCompany Identity: How will you know if you win?Before engaging in the game of business, a company must evaluate their own identity. While it may seem obvious, the first element in a winning corporate strategy is to determine what winning looks like. A careful self-evaluation of the company will develop answers to several key questions. The development or inclusion of a company mission statement or vision will be part of the company identity. Answering the question ‘What does our company want to do?’ helps to define the framework of a strategy. Concrete goals that can be measured are an important piece of knowing what winning looks like.Market Placement: Where are you going to play?After determining what winning looks like for your particular company, you must evaluate, ‘Where is the best place to play?’ Understanding your goal (what winning looks like) will help determine where to best meet that goal. If your goal is to be the leading provider of ru nning shoes for women, the market for your product will be vastly different from a company who markets luxury accessories. While the customers may be all women, the market is not the same. Establishing the specific areas where you can excel (as well as knowing where you won’t) is important in a corporate strategy.Company Capabilities: How are you going to win?Identifying the strengths of the company, as well as the plan for company growth must be clearly defined. A company that has a top-notch distribution system will outplay a company that struggles with production and delivery if they capitalize on their abilities. Companies that want to lead the technology market should have a strong research and development department to stay ahead of the competition. Evaluate the company for the areas that it excels in. Does it support the goals and placement of the company? Maximizing the capabilities of the company will help ensure success, and will shed light on the areas that need improvi ng or outsourcing.Management Issues: What will it take to win?Once a goal has been established, evaluate the company to determine if it has the necessary structure and management to reach it. What does the company need to reach the market its chosen and what does it need to stay there? If the goal is global, does the company have an established distribution channel? Is there a workable solution for ordering and shipping? Can the company support multiple warehouses? Consider the equipment needed to play and evaluate if the company has what it needs.Evaluating the components of a corporate strategy cannot be done as a checklist effectively. Working through the components will require re-evaluation, altering, re-considering and ultimately moving from one component to another until they all fit together correctly. The goal may be to be a global leader, but the company may not be operating in the global marketplace. Similarly, the distribution channels may be excellent but a lack of mana gement may render it ineffective. Aligning the components until a clear corporate strategy emerges will require some time and effort.THE STRATEGY FRAMEWORK â€" A LOOK FROM ALL SIDESA winning corporate strategy has the potential to thrust a company to the forefront of its market. By utilizing both long and short term objectives, a corporate strategy can remain true to the ultimate goal (winning) but can change in the market (where to play) and process (how to win). Once a strategy has been developed, there are four essential steps to putting it to work.PositioningUsing the strategy to establish a position in the market will increase a company’s chance at success. It takes into account the end goal, as well as the current state of the company. By clearly defining the process needed to win, a company has an accurate picture of where they are in the market.ExecutionA corporate strategy is a waste of time, effort and money if it isn’t put to use. Executing the strategy in an efficien t and timely manner will not only help the company succeed, but will help to determine the validity of the plan. Execution of a corporate strategy requires buy-in by management and staff. This process can be difficult if the corporate strategy has changed, or if the means to the goal is changing, but is essential for the success of the company. Often, company officials choose to maintain the status quo in an effort to avoid stress, but this method will only hinder the company’s success.AdaptationA corporate strategy must be fluid. While the overall goal should not change, the means to reach that goal will change as technology advances, the market changes or other factors that will improve or alter the process. Being flexible with the ‘how to win’ portion of the strategy is important.ConcentrationThe overall success of a corporate strategy can be seen in more than a financial spreadsheet. A company that truly has maximized a corporate strategy has clear, concentrated goals.   T he road to those goals is clear and the company is constantly updating and improving their place in the market, while remaining true to the strategy framework.FAMOUS STRATEGY FRAMEWORKSUnderstanding a few of the common frameworks will help establish a winning corporate strategy for your business. © Walter KiechelSWOTA quick analysis of a company environment, SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Based on a general evaluation of both internal and external company operations, the SWOT framework is a very brief look at a company. Internally, the company evaluates both strengths and weaknesses. Externally, it considers the opportunities it has in the market as well as the threat of competitors. This method is useful when trying to find ways to make the two viewpoints work together.Value ChainA series of processes from development to service, the value chain tracks a company’s ability to generate a profit. By adding value efficiently, a company can increase profit. The value chain moves from inbound logistics (acquiring raw materials), through operations, into outbound logistics (moving products to market), out to marketing and sales and finally to service. Often considered a supply and demand scale, the value chain gives companies a look at their pr ocesses versus profits.Generic Competitive AdvantagesThe framework for generic competitive advantages can be applied by almost any company, in any market. There are three basic strategies that a company can use to be successful, according to this framework.   By establishing an advantage in cost leadership, differentiation and focus, a company can pull ahead of the competition. Cost leadership maximizes on offering the lowest price in the marketplace. This requires careful attention to market prices and processes. Differentiation positions a company to highlight the unique characteristics that the market wants. Focus tailors the company to a specific, often narrow, field within the marketplace.Portfolio TheoryThe mathematically-based Portfolio Theory gives companies a formula for evaluating, managing and minimizing risk. By looking at asset allocations, a company can evaluate the potential for risk against the possible reward.Porter’s Five Forces © Entrepreneurial InsightsBased on the five forces that work against a company, Michael Porter’s Five Forces gives companies a closer look at the opposition. The five forces include: rivalry, supplier power, threat of substitutes, threat of new entrants and buyer power. Understanding the potential behind each force will help companies position themselves for success, as well as give an edge over the competition. Finding the appropriate strategy to leverage a company’s strengths can change based on the current force at play.

Leadership What Is Leadership - 2170 Words

What is leadership? Having good leadership is necessary for any organization. Definitions of leadership are varied. It is a fundamental element within society that has attracted the interest of thousands of scientists, historians, and philosophers for hundreds of years, yet none of them can decide upon its meaning. Cook (2000) calls leadership the â€Å"ability to learn and adapt to change, a risk taker and using personal powers to win the hearts and minds of people to achieve a common purpose.† Northouse (2010) claims leadership is change and movement. Burns (1978) defines leadership as â€Å"a mobilization process by individuals with certain motives, values, and access to resources in a context of competition and conflict in pursuit of goals† For my purposes, leadership is merely managing knowledge in a way that leads to creating and sharing knowledge within an organization (Chi, Lan, Dorjgotov, 2012). The success of leadership in organizations often varies significa ntly and identifying leadership styles that suit an organization best is an essential skill in any CEO, manager, director, or alike. THEORY AND APPROACH Transformational Leadership There are countless theories about leadership that have been sorted and organized into several precise approaches or styles based on traits, behaviors, situational factors, or culture factors. In the 1970s, James MacGregor Burns developed a more complex approach to leadership which he called transformational leadership. The goals ofShow MoreRelatedLEADERSHIP—WHAT IS IT?13338 Words   |  54 Pages01-Rowe-45233.qxd 3/26/2007 12:53 PM Page 1 1 LEADERSHIP—WHAT IS IT? CEOs tell us that their most pressing need is for more leaders in their organizations—not the consummate role-players who seem to surround them. —Rob Goffee and Gareth Jones G ary Yukl (2006) defines leadership as â€Å"the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives†Read MoreWhat Is Leadership Philosophy?1238 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is leadership philosophy? According to Col William DeMarco, a leadership philosophy is similar to an organizational mission statement but on an individual level. â€Å"It lets people know what you expect, what you value, and how you will act; with the additional benefit of making the organization more productive like a compass it helps keep you, the leader, on course.†1 This paper will cover three elements. I will begin by discussing my personal leadership philosophy and my opinion on â€Å"a boss vsRead MoreWhat is Leadership? Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is a difficult word to define and according to the Miriam-Webster Dictionary leadership is the â€Å"office or position of a leader† (Miriam-Webster, 2010). This definition is definitely not one that I would ascribe to when discussing leadership. My definition of leadership is â€Å"the ability someone has to mot ivate and empower others to achieve a goal.† Some may add to this definition, others may discard it altogether and have a completely different definition. In the end, leadership takesRead MoreWhat Is Ethical Leadership?948 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is ethical leadership? Before answering the question, let s look at the definition of ethics and leadership. According to the Oxford dictionary ethics is defined as moral principles that govern a persons or groups behavior. 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These dimensions are all crucial elements in the functionality of an organization. The persons within an organizationRead MoreWhat Is Leadership In School Essay719 Words   |  3 PagesSchool districts are required to be fiscally responsible in decisions made to improve schools and districts. Principals are given instructional professional development in their career; however, limited resources are spent developing principals’ leadership skills as an individual. The concept of coaching for the principal is to have the guide on the side to develop leaders who are able to step back and take a bird’s eye view for th eir organization, focus on the greater goals so leaders can see theRead MoreImportance Of Religious Leadership And What It Is Not1373 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Integration Paper The intent of this paper is to define religious leadership and what religious leadership is; what it is not. Explain how the understanding of religious leadership has changed throughout one’s career. It will also discuss roles and responsibilities of religious leadership as a company grade Chaplain and field grade Chaplain. Finishing by discussing what emotional intelligence in leadership looks like through the lens of being a religious leader. To understand whatRead MoreWhat Makes A Effective Leadership?862 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding what effective leadership requires and how to get better ethical outcomes in the workplace. The readings present informative aspects of what constitutes an effective leadership and in my opinion a guide to the real world, for ethical decision making. Indeed shaping oneself to become a leader is not an overnight process, one requires great patience and time to develop strong leadership styles to help harness the followers skills and talents they bring to an organization. The leadership styles

The New Angle On College Topics Essay Just Released

The New Angle On College Topics Essay Just Released What to Expect From College Topics Essay? You will also need to file your official high school transcripts. The better part of the students that leave the very first years do so during the initial six weeks of the fall term since they haven't been able to produce a successful transition. The professional writer instructors can help make certain your special fact conveys the first approaches you're likely to develop all the graduate class. Colleges are seeking a feeling of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate your private growth. The style, topic and voice of your private essay ought to have the punch to create the audience think. If you are requested to compose an essay that's informative then never submit something which is a compare and contrast essay. The essay is 1 document that, even in the very best of circumstances, to provide an intriguing answer, even to the absolute most boring ques tion, he explained. Writing custom essays won't be an issue anymore if you observe the easy steps below. Include all the principal points and make certain you are answering the question. Some folks find it useful to rehearse their answers out loud. Your reply shouldn't be a book report. So you don't actually wish to obtain a topic! You're given about 4 topics to select. Finally, the very best topics are ones that make it possible for you to explain something surprising about yourself. The majority of the topics might be given to you as well as you may have to decide on what things to write on. Personal statement essay is among the main kinds of the writing assignments. The stream of ideas In the center of the assignment, you've got to be certain the ideas are flowing at the true pace between and within paragraphs. In case the latter description illustrates you here is a more in depth reflective essay outline which should get you where you should be to put on a firm understanding of the way to compose a reflection paper. Key Attributes Some of the major attributes which make a personal statement appealing enough entail. The very first essential component that we should understand is that the society is a human item. At precisely the same time, detecting cau se and effect relationships isn't that easy in regards to the selection of a very good cause and effect essay topic. You should decide on the type of response that you're likely to give in support or against the topic. Don't neglect to explain why the dilemma is significant to you! The Chronicles of College Topics Essay When you begin writing the essay, you should make an intriguing start. Your stories aren't debatable. The poem is full of allegories. There are 3 golden rules when you're writing the historical essay. The facts which you use in the essay needs to be reliable and pertinent to the thesis. After the principal text, it's important to include things like a great conclusion. Admissions officers wish to understand what's important to you and how your background has shaped you as an individual. In summary, college instructors have lots of priorities and though I hope it isn't the scenario, some instructors are not going to see you as their very first priority. Now that you're mindful of admission deadlines you're well-prepared. The students ought to avoid committing spelling errors. In today's world, the debate on whether abortion ought to be legalized has dominated discussions for years although some folks see. Evaluate a substantial experience, achievement, risk you've taken, or ethical dilemma you've faced and its effect on you. There are several topics in which you'll need to clearly show your power of persuas ion. You can't successfully persuade others without letting them know the factors for doing so and you cannot provide any plausible reasons without bringing in evidence to back up your claims. Things You Should Know About College Topics Essay Colleges wish to see what you're interested in and how you intend to work towards your aims. Many colleges ask for just one essay. Most colleges ask a fairly generic question for which they want to observe a fairly focused answer. The majority of the colleges utilize the typical application essay prompts. Individual schools sometimes need supplemental essays. Colleges are not searching for perfect folks. They are more likely to admit students who can articulate specific reasons why the school is a good fit for them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list.

Financial analysis and comparison of PepsiCo and Coca-Cola Free Essays

Introduction Together both PepsiCo and Coca Cola are both companies that are known around the world for their goods. For decades now, these companies have been competitive against each other to â€Å"do better than† the other one, what some would call the â€Å"cola wars†. They individually offer a assortment of soft drinks; regular, diet, caffeine free and many other options for the public to choose from. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial analysis and comparison of PepsiCo and Coca-Cola or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both of the companies also have quite a few different entities (or off springs) of their company, such as bottled water, energy drinks, and juices. Individually both PepsiCo and Coca Cola; better known as Pepsi and Coke, have produced goods for every income bracket. Inside this essay we will take a look into the two largest competing companies in the soft drink industry; Coca Cola and PepsiCo. Using financial data provided from 2004 and 2005, we will be able to use financial analysis, both vertical and horizontal, to verify the financial differences between the two companies. We should be able to make proper suggestions and recommendations with the review on both of the individual companies, income statements and balance sheets. The soft drink industry is one of the largest and assorted industries in the world; consumption in the United States alone is rated at 95%. Together Pepsi and Coke have dominated the soft drink industry, staying higher than any other competition for decades. Not only have they dominated the national market, but also have dominated the global market. Pepsi and Coke have triumphed over many obstacles, so that they may produce and distribute products in most countries around the globe. Both employ a strategy called â€Å"the follow up strategy†. When one launches a new product or service, the other is not far behind with a similar product or service. This strategy has been so effective within these two companies that it leaves other would be competitors oblivious to what just happened. Because of global success, both PepsiCo and Coca Cola have paid a price in one way or another regarding legal issues, precedents, and political opinions. Both of these companies are great examples that the power of influence is leadership. Since their influence is so powerful, they easily shut down competitors in the market as well as keep their moral and ethical values at a soaring level. According to the Forbes Super500 list of America’s largest public companies in 2003, both Coke and Pepsi are practically the same size. Pepsi was the 43rd-largest U.S. firm, just barely edging out Coke, which ranked 44th. This comparison was based on ranking sales, profits, market value and assets. Now let’s take a look at a more detailed comparison of these two companies. Within this analysis, the numbers will be represented in millions (100 is equal to 100 million). Beginning with a vertical analysis, used to do the comparison of the asset accounts categories, liability account categories, and the reports on liability accounts against asset accounts on the balance sheet. The principle for calculating a vertical analysis is current assets ? total assets. The starting point lies within the total assets for each company. In 2004, PepsiCo’s total assets were $27,987; in 2005 they totaled $31,727. Coca Cola’s assets were $31,441 for 2004 and $29,427 in 2005. (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2008). Now we must look at statistics on the balance sheets of each corporation. In 2004, Coke’s cost of merchandise sold were $7,674 equaling a ratio percentage of 24.4% of their total assets. In 2005 the cost of merchandise sold were $8,195 equaling 27.8% of the total assets. For Pepsi’s cost of merchandise sold, the totals were $12,674 equaling 45.3% in 2004 and $14,176 equaling 44.7% in 2005. Over a one year span the results of; PepsiCo had an increase of 5%, while Coke had an increase that year of 3.4%. With this increase, the results do not necessarily mean a positive analysis, since the single figure does not disclose whether the increase is a positive measure. A higher cost of sales may not be offset by higher revenues matching or exceeding the increased cost. Net income of PepsiCo in 2004 was $4,212 equaling a ratio percentage of 15.1% of total assets. In 2005, their net income was $4,078 equaling a ratio percentage of 13.2% of their total assets. This shows a 1.9% decrease in their net income between 2004 and 2005. Within the same period they also showed a decrease in the cost of sales. Coke on the other hand had a net income of $4,847 in 2004 equaling a ratio percentage of 15.4%. In 2005 their net income was $4,872 equaling a ratio of 16.6% of their total assets. This shows and an increase of 1.2% between 2004 and 2005. Even though they experienced an increase of 1.2%, the increase of cost of merchandise sold had an increase of 3.4% only nets an additional 1.2%, making this a negative indication for Coca Cola. When comparing current assets and current liabilities to the total assets by taking a closer look at the consolidated balance sheets of these two companies for each year show that Pepsi’s total current assets were $8,639, in 2004, which equals a ratio percentage of 30.9% of total assets (for that year). For 2005, PepsiCo’s total current assets were $10,454 which equals a ratio percentage of 32.9% of total assets. From 2004 to 2005, they had an increase of 2% in their current assets. In contrast Coca Cola’s current assets were $12,281 equaling a ratio percentage of 39.1% for 2004 and $10,250 equaling a ratio percentage of 34.8%, in 2005; this shows a major decrease in their current assets. Although, there was a considerable decrease in their current assets, there was also a decrease in their current liabilities. These decreases in liabilities would be a positive indication for Coke instead of a negative one. In the area of current liabilities, we can see that in 2004 Pepsi’s total was $6,752 equaling 24.1%, and $9,406 equaling 29.9% in 2005. This shows that the increase of 2% within Pepsi’s assets is due to the company taking on more liabilities. Coke however had current liabilities of $11,133 equaling 35.4% in 2004, and $9,836 equaling 33.4% in 2005 which shows a decrease of 1% in their liabilities. This simply states that both companies had a larger percentage of liabilities to assets in 2005, compared to 2004 also taking into account that their current assets dropped 4.3%. To break that down even further, we look at the following figures. Coca Cola had a total liability in 2004 of $15,506 which equals 49.3% and in 2005 their total liabilities were $13,072 which equals 44.4%. That is a decrease in their liabilities of 4.9%. So while their assets dropped by 4.3%, their liabilities dropped even more. Horizontal analysis is the comparison of specific items account for a certain amount of numbers for the accounting period. This helps to determine the increase or decrease that has occurred by a percentage, a numerical change or trends over that time. There are two formulas that can be used to get this analysis. The first formula uses the current year amount and subtracts from that the base year amount, then take the difference and divide it by the base year amount. The second formula divides the current year amount by the base year amount. This gives the current yearly figure in a percentage for the given base year. PepsiCo’s total current assets for 2004 were $8,639 and $10,454 in 2005. The first horizontal analysis formula shows Pepsi had an increase of 121.01% of total current assets; over their 2004 base year figure. Coke’s total assets for 2004 were $12,281 and $10,250 for 2005 which shows a considerable loss. With these numbers it produces a loss percentage of 16.58% between 2004 (83.46%) and 2005. Moving onto liabilities, Coca Cola had $11,133 in total liabilities for 2004 and $9,836 for 2005, yielding a difference of 88.35% decreasing their liabilities by 11.65% from 2004 to 2005. For PepsiCo, their total liabilities for 2004 were $6,752 and $9,406 in 2005. Following the formula we can see that it shows an increase in their liabilities by 139.3% from 2004 to 2005, so for one year the total is 39.9%. Mutually PepsiCo and Coca Cola have reputations for being the major contenders in the soft drink industry. They have individually created well organized, strong, and profitable companies, but as you can see from the analysis done above that the financial data, shows a bit of a difference between the two financially. I can see adjustments that can be made and areas that can be worked on, and below I have made a few suggestions for the data I found. It can be determined from the information above that the net profits for both companies were less in 2005 than that of 2004. The operating expenses for both companies were higher in 2005 then 2004. Individually Pepsi and Coke should be working to decrease operation expenses and to increase profitability. Within Coca Cola, they suffered a decline in assets (4.3%) and their liabilities reduced by 4.9% from 2004 to 2005. The suggestion that I make for Coca Cola is they continue to reduce their liabilities, and work on raising net profits. This will increase their assets, As for Pepsi, they have a small increase in current assets between 2004 and 2005, but they had a substantial increase in liabilities. With a 5.8% increase in liabilities, there was only an increase of 2% within their assets. A suggestion I can make for PepsiCo is to focus efforts on their assets, to reduce their liabilities, and to not collect new liabilities. This way they can increase profitability. Looking into other years and comparisons, I see that Coca Cola gathers almost 53% of their annual revenue during spring and summer, whereas Pepsi seems to produce 30% more revenue in the later months of the year. This is likely due to the fact that Pepsi also has snack (chips, etc) operations other than soft drinks, which is the preferred food of the season. There is also the topic of franchise systems. Pepsi has had success in the past with its franchise system; however, in recent years it has become a weakness for the company. The franchises influence profits and revenues for Pepsi. My solution would be to dismantle the franchise system and replace it with one bottling unit. This will help Pepsi to eliminate competition with any private label companies and keep them on the forefront with Coke. Coca Cola believes in reinvesting into their infrastructure and does not operate a franchise system. When it comes to figures, Pepsi seems to have more advantages (other entities), whereas Coke is getting better figures. This does not mean either company is better than the other, it shows that there is a tight competition between both companies and both are striving to surpass the other. References: PepsiCo.com. (2009). Retrieved on: April 15, 2011 http://www.pepsico.com/index.html#/flash/pepsico_slide.swf Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., Kieso, D. E. (2008). Financial accounting (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. The Coca Cola Company. (2009). Retrieved on: April 15, 2011 http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ How to cite Financial analysis and comparison of PepsiCo and Coca-Cola, Essay examples

Ryan White free essay sample

Ryan White Ryan White may not have lived a long life, but his life definitely made an impact on our nation and the world. Ryan faced a life full of discrimination and pain, but he learned how to overcome everything. Ryan Wayne Wright was born on December 6, 1971 in Kokomo, Indiana, to Jeanne Elaine Hale and Hubert Wayne White. Ryan was only 6 days old when doctors diagnosed him with a severe form of type A hemophilia. Hemophilia is a blood disease that causes the sufferers blood cannot clot and minor injuries can cause them to even bleed to death. Because Ryan had hemophilia, he had to receive blood transfusions of Factor VIII, a product of blood that aids in clotting. Although Ryan had this severe disease, he could still go about his life as normal as possible. But everything changed for Ryan in December 1984. Ryan had become extremely sick with a case of pneumonia and had to be hospitalized. We will write a custom essay sample on Ryan White or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On December 17, 1984, Ryan had a partial lung removed surgery, but doctors found something even more shocking during the surgery. Ryan had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS. Doctors were stunned with this diagnosis ecause AIDS had only been discovered a few years before, therefore it was relatively new in the medical world. Doctors had only realized earlier that year that AIDS was actually caused by the infection of the human immunodeficiency virus or HIV. Ryan had contracted HIV from one of his transfusions, because much of the pooled factor VIII concentrate supply was tainted because doctors did not know how to test for the disease, and donors did not know they were infected. Among hemophiliacs being treated with transfusions, 90% of them were found to be infected with HIV. A normal umans T-cell count is at about 1,200, but at the time of diagnosis Whites had dropped down to 25 T-cells. After the diagnosis, Ryan was too sick to return to school, but when he was feeling better his mother asked school officials if he could come back. The school said no, so on June 30, 1985, she filed a formal complaint and was again denied by the schools superintendent for Ryans return to school. The superintendents refusal ignited a legal battle that lasted for 8 months. Almost half of the kids parents objected to Ryan attending school, which put more pressure for the administrators to keep Ryan out of chool. People mostly were against him coming back to school because they were very ignorant about what AIDS actually was back then, because it was such a new disease. But despite the school not wanting him to attend, on November 25, an Indiana Department of Education officer ruled that the school must follow the Indiana Board of Health guidelines and that White must be allowed to attend school. Ryan was only one of the 148 known cases of pediatric AIDS in the United States. HIV and AIDS was still a mystery to doctors; all they really knew that it was spread hrough blood. Even though Ryan was allowed back at school, many parents still didnt want him there because they feared that their children could cause it from Just coming in contact with him. Even an Indiana State health commissioner, Dr. Woodrow Myers, notified the school board that White posed no threat to other students because he had done a study which successfully stated that HIV and AIDS cannot be White finally returned to school in April, many families left the school and started their own independent school. They still discriminated Ryan, and would even walk own the street and say we know youre queer. At the time AIDS was considered to be a gay disease because the spread of it was located in large cities known for their homosexual populations. Whites life was threatened, and even the newspaper, the Kokomo Tribute, was threatened because they supported the Whites. Ryan only attended school for his eighth grade year, 1986-1987, and left because he had almost no friends and the school refused to treat him like every other student. The school made him use his own disposable utensils and bathroom. Threats continued from locals, and the Whites finally decided to leave Kokomo when a bullet fired through their living room. They moved to Cicero, Indiana in 1987, where he attended Hamilton Heights High School. He was welcomed there with open arms because people in Cicero were more educated about AIDS and how it was actually spread. Ryans disputes with his old school had captured national media attention. Between 1985 and 1987, news stories about AIDS had doubled, and the public was becoming more aware of what it really was and how it was actually spread. White ecame known as the poster boy for AIDS because people had never seen someone like Ryan with AIDS. AIDS was usually associated to homosexuals, but Ryan put a new face on it. He was Just a normal teenager that had to battle with his disease. Not only did Ryan catch the attention of the media, but also of celebrities. Ryan caught some big stars attention such as Michal Jackson, Elton John, and John Mellencamp. He even met with the president, Ronald Reagan. These celebrities, and many more, were often seen with Ryan at AIDS fund-raisers and promotions. They also gave him money and ifts, Even though Ryan got all of this publicity, he didnt necessarily like it. White stated that he disliked the spotlight, hated that many people blamed his mother for his sickness, and said that he would trade all the attention to be free of his disease any day. Despite hating the attention, he still used his notoriety to speak for his disease. In 1988, White spoke in front of Reagans AIDS Administration, and said that education for the public of AIDS has made his life easier in his new town. In 1989, ABC aired a movie about Ryan called the Ryan White Story, through this movie illions more people were able to hear about Ryans inspiring story. In 1990, things for Ryan took a turn for the worse. His health was rapidly deteriorating. On March 29, 1990, Ryan was hospitalized due to a respiratory infection. His condition worsened so he had to be sedated and put on a ventilator. One of his last visitors was Elton John. Ryan died on April 8, 1990, Just a couple months shy of graduating high school and his senior prom. Over 1,500 people attended his funeral, which included Elton John, football star Howie Long, and Phil

Shakespeares Sonnet 116 Study Guide

Shakespeare's Sonnet 116 Study Guide What is Shakespeare saying in Sonnet 116? Study this poem and you will discover that 116 is one of the best-loved sonnets in the folio because it can be read as a wonderfully celebratory nod to love and marriage. Indeed it continues to feature in wedding ceremonies worldwide. Expressing Love The poem expresses love in the ideal; never ending, fading, or faltering. The final couplet of the poem has the poet willing this perception of love to be true and professes that if it is not and if he is mistaken, then all of his writing has been for nothing–and no man, including himself, has ever truly loved. It is perhaps this sentiment that ensures Sonnet 116s continuing popularity in being read weddings. The idea that love is pure and eternal is as heart-warming today as it was in Shakespeares time. It is an example of that special skill that Shakespeare had, namely the ability to tap into timeless themes that relate to everyone, no matter which century they were born in. The Facts Sequence: Sonnet 116 forms part of the Fair Youth Sonnets  in the folio.Key Themes: Constant love, Ideal love, enduring love, marriage, fixed points, and wandering.Style:  Like Shakespeares other sonnets, Sonnet 116 is written in iambic pentameter  using the traditional sonnet form. A Translation Marriage has no impediment. Love is not real if it alters when circumstances change or if one of the couple has to leave or be elsewhere. Love is constant. Even if the lovers face difficult or trying times, their love is not shaken if it is true love. In the poem, love is described as star guiding a lost boat: â€Å"It is the star to every wandering bark.† The star’s worth cannot be calculated even though we can measure its height. Love does not change over time, but physical beauty will fade. (Comparison to the grim reaper’s scythe should be noted here–even death should not alter love.) Love is unchanging through hours and weeks but lasts until the edge of doom. If I am wrong about this and it is proved then all my writing and loving is for nothing and no man has ever really loved: â€Å"If this be error and upon me proved, I never writ, nor no man ever loved.† Analysis The poem does refer to marriage, but to the marriage of minds rather than the actual ceremony. Let us also remember that the poem is describing love for a young man and this love would not be sanctioned in Shakespeare’s time by an actual marriage service. However, the poem uses words and phrases evocative of the marriage ceremony including â€Å"impediments† and â€Å"alters†Ã¢â‚¬â€œalthough both used in a different context. The promises a couple make in marriage are also echoed in the poem: Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,But bears it out ev’n to the edge of doom. This is reminiscent of the â€Å"till death do us part† vow in a wedding. The poem is referring to ideal love which does not falter and lasts until the end, which also reminds the reader of the wedding vow, â€Å"in sickness and in health†. Therefore, it is little surprise that this sonnet remains a steadfast favorite in wedding ceremonies today. The text conveys how powerful love is. It cannot die and is everlasting.   The poet then questions himself in the final couplet, praying that his perception of love is real and true, because if it is not then he may as well not be a writer or a lover and that would surely be a tragedy.

6 Tips for Focusing When Writing

6 Tips for Focusing When Writing 6 Tips for Focusing When Writing 6 Tips for Focusing When Writing By Guest Author Isn’t it ironic that I’m having a hard time focusing on this list of tips to help people focus? As I struggle to keep deadlines, I realize that my work environment is filled with distractions – whether it’s other people’s conversations filling my head or the flashing of my instant-messaging window telling me a co-worker has a question. If I’m going to make this deadline, then I need to buckle down. Here are six tips that I’ve learned help me focus on my writing. 1. Wear headphones. In a cubicle environment, conversations carry. It’s easy to lose your train of thought when your co-workers are yapping about last night’s â€Å"Bachelorette† episode. So slap on the headphones and hit Play on the â€Å"Inception† soundtrack or some classical – something you can get lost in. Try noise-canceling headphones to eliminate even more outside interference. 2. Turn off e-mail and IM. Normally, the first thing I do when I start working is open up my e-mail and my Instant Messaging client. It’s not long before friends and co-workers are hitting me up for conversation or questions. Since these forms of communication are so instant, people expect an immediate reply. Before long, an hour might go by. When you really need to crank out a project, turn on only Microsoft Word or whatever word-processing software you use – consider checking your e-mail as a reward for when you’re finished. 3. Close the door. Whether you work at home or in an office, shutting a door can be helpful – literally and figuratively. Keeping out distractions around you can also keep them out of your head. I’ve known work-from-home people who set up an area just for work – they don’t allow themselves to wander around or let their pets hang out. Sad, perhaps, but it’s easy to lose focus and concentrate instead on chores that need to be done or that puppy in your lap. A closed door means â€Å"do not disturb† – assuming people take the hint. 4. Work at your desk. Continuing along the lines of sticking to a formal work environment, I’ve found that working at my desk keeps me focused. I stare straight ahead at my screen and the wall behind it, attempting to maintain decent posture in my ergonomic chair. But if I take my laptop and retreat to the couch, all hope for meeting a deadline is lost. Now I’m comfy – I just might take a nap! The couch is in front of the TV – maybe I’ll just see what Oprah is up to! Oh, and if I take said laptop to a cafà ©? Way too much people-watching opportunity! Sitting at a desk establishes that I am working, and the sooner I finish, the sooner I can take my laptop to the couch and simultaneously surf and watch TMZ. 5. Work in chunks of time. One of the most helpful blog posts I’ve read recently is on WebWorkerDaily about working in â€Å"chunks.† Dawn Foster recommends breaking down your day into blocks of time dedicated to each task. That way you can keep track of where your time is going as you tackle each item on your to-do list. If you’re a person who works best under pressure, having deadlines sprinkled throughout your day should keep you focused. 6. Keep your cell phone out of sight. I think voicemail is one of the greatest modern inventions. I usually let phone calls go to voicemail so that I can listen to and process each person’s message before dealing with it. But a lot of people still jump on their phones the moment it rings, taking them away from their work. Even visual or vibrating notifications of incoming calls and text messages can be distracting. So keep your phone in another room or in your messenger bag and check it every once in a while. About the Author: Jennifer Moline writes about small business, graphic design, printing and freelancing for the PsPrint blog, as well as for other graphic design websites. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?List of Greek Words in the English LanguageList of 50 Compliments and Nice Things to Say!

How asian american are changing the face of america Research Paper

How asian american are changing the face of america - Research Paper Example 125-189) are just few of the many ethnic, ancestral and racial groups spread all over the United States. This paper tries to focus over the Asian Americans part with three prominent examples and dynamics involved with their lives and lifestyles. In addition, this paper also tries to understand the concepts of globalization, Trans-nationalism and multiracialism. Popular historian Yuji Ichioka deserves all the credit for inventing the term of Asian Americans. Before this term, people usually referred Asian Americans with the name of Orientals meaning the people from the east (Lott, pp. 46-192). It is not unusual to know that these were the social activists of the 1970’s that made this term popular within and outside America and all this was happening because of the social rights movement of that time for this community in the United states. According to the basic definition, â€Å"Asian Americans are those Americans who have an Asian origin at least from the side of one parent† (Min, pp. 11-29). The most common groups in Asian Americans are of â€Å"Chinese Americans, Indian Americans, Pakistani Americans, Japanese Americans, Cambodian Americans, Korean Americans, Vietnamese Americans, Filipino Americans† (Kitano, & Daniels, pp. 85-129) and other groups. â€Å"The demographics and data reveal that Asian Americans form the third largest racial minority group in the United States after the white Americans and African Americans† (Hune, pp. 256-387). In addition, studies have also revealed that Asian Americans are the ones with the highest levels of educational attainment and lowest poverty rate (Kitano, & Daniels, pp. 85-129). They also perform well when compared with others on the scales of household incomes and savings and personal incomes. Chinese Americans make the largest ethnic sub group followed by Filipino

Sex Offenders has to be related to criminal justice Essay

Sex Offenders has to be related to criminal justice - Essay Example An attempt will be made to establish the extent to which criminal justice can be leveled against sexual offenders. A conclusion summarizing the main points discussed in the essay will be given at the end of the essay. In order to get a clear understanding about the topic, it is imperative to begin by defining the term sexual offence. A sex offence can be loosely defined as abuse of another person which mainly involves deriving sexual pleasure from that person without consent. For instance, research has shown that rape within marriage, which has not always been recognized as a crime, is a growing area of concern in American criminal justice, and many laws have been enacted during the past few decades to deter it. â€Å"Similarly even though UCR/NIBRS Program statistics officially report only the rape or attempted rape of females, some states statutes criminalize the rape. In 2007, for example, sixth-grade Wilmington, Delaware, science teacher Rachel L. Holt, a 34-year-old divorcee, w as sentenced to 10 years in prison after pleading guilty to second-degree rape. She had initially been charged with 28 counts of first-degree rape---which prosecutors said was based on the number of times she had had sex with a 13 year-old male student whom she had supplied with alcohol and let drive her car,† ( Frank Schmalleger, p. 49). ... ibes certain norms of conduct that bind all members of the state upon which it has a jurisdiction to punish a person who transgresses against these norms. As far as criminal law is concerned, the state is there to act against the defendant and criminal justice is seen as an effective tool of dealing with particular acts by the members of the society that are considered to be in violation of the prescribed norms. For partners to engage in sexual activities, there must be common understanding between them and they should first reach an agreement so that no one will feel betrayed or abused. It can be noted that there are many different forms of sexual offences and these range from rape, fondling, juvenile prostitution and sexual exploitation through child pornography. Basically, rape and child sexual abuse are more rampant forms of sexual offenses during the contemporary period. A closer look at the trends of sexual offences reveals that rape cases are on the rise in different states an d these often take different forms but all the same, this will constitute a criminal offence. A crime involving sexual abuse without consent is in violation of the societal norms and values which are protected under the public law. Criminal justice has to be effected in such scenarios. Cases involving rape within marriages have significantly gained prominence during the contemporary period especially in the US as noted above. This type of offence used to be treated lightly but some of the sexual aggression displayed to another partner can be classified as a criminal offense. Indeed, married people form the union out of love and common understanding but in some cases, when it comes to the subject of conjugal rights, there may be no common understanding between the married partners. If a

Myoglobin In The Utilization Of Oxygen In Animals Biology Essay

Myoglobin In The Utilization Of Oxygen In Animals Biology Essay Myoglobin is an oxygen-binding globular protein which is vital in facilitating the acquisition and utilization of oxygen in animals. Myoglobin was isolated and purified from ground water buffalo extract. The Myoglobin was isolated by cation-exchange chromatography, and concentration of Myoglobin is measured by spectrophotometry. Total concentration of protein was determined by performing Bradford protein assay. Iron analysis was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Molecular weight of Myoglobin was determined by running SDS-PAGE. A total amount of 144 ug Myoglobin was purified by the cation-exchange chromatography with a relative purity of 25.9%. The concentration of the purified Myoglobin was determined to be 0.072 ug/uL. The molecular weight of Myoglobin was determined to be 18204 Da And 0.423 mg of iron were detected in the acid digested extract Introduction Myoglobin is a globular protein which contains a single polypeptide chain of about 153 amino acids and an iron-porphyrin complex, or the heme group (3). And it has a molecular weight of 16700 Da and 153 amino acids (4). The non-covalently bound heme group, which resides in the hydrophobic interior of the native globin chain, is able to unfold under acidic condition and consequently weakens the interaction between the heme group and the globin (5). Myoglobin is an oxygen-transport protein which can be found in muscle tissues of all mammles. Myoglobin is critical in mammalian cell in that it is responsible for storage and distribution of oxygen, and possibly carrying energy (4). Diving animals such as seals and whales have excessive amount of Myoglobin that help them travel undersea by storing and transport oxygen (9). It plays a significant role in the physiological function of heart and skeletal muscle (2). Elevated consumption of oxygen during exercise necessitates the production of myoglobin in red muscle and heart cells, and the transportation of oxygen by myoglobin from the sarcolemma to the mitochondria in vertebrate heart and red muscle cells. (1) Spectrophotometry studies the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with molecules, atoms and ions (10). It can shed light on the physical and chemical properties by measuring the emission or absorption of electromagnetic radiation (10). Besides, it is also used to identify biomolecules from their individual absorption spectrum. In the meantime, spectrophotomoetry can quantitatively measure the concentration of molecules in solution According to the Beer-Lambert law, the fraction of incident light absorbed by a solution at a given wavelength is indicative of the concentration of the absorbing species (10) . Tryptophan and tyrosine can absorb ultraviolet light, which accounts for the characteristic strong absorbance of light at wavelength of 280 nm by most proteins (9). Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)can be used to determine the identity and concentration of chemical elements in the gaseous state by measuring the light radiation absorbed by the elements (10). Ion-exchange chromatography is a technique for separating biomolecules capable of being involved in electrostatic interactions (10). Molecules can be separated based on their sign and magnitude of net charge at a given pH and formation of electrostatic linkages between thee resin and the protein of interest (9). Ion exchange separations take place in columns packed with an iron-exchange resin (10). Resins with bound anionic groups are cation exchanges whereas those with bound cationic groups are anion exchangers (9). Selection of ion exchange resin depends on what is to be purified, the pH to be used in the column, and the strength of the functional group (10). Electrophoresis is the separation of proteins based on the motion of the charged proteins under the influence of an electric field (9). The migration of the protein depends on its shape, size, charge and chemical composition (10). An electrophoretic method, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) can be used to estimate the purity and determine the molecular weight of the protein (9). Treatment of the protein by the ionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) can give it a uniform net charge, and protein can then be separated based solely on its mass (10). In this experiment, Myoglobin is extracted and purified by cation-exchange chromatography from ground water buffalo using Beffer A (20 nM, pH 5.6, KH2PO4) and Buffer B (20mM, Tris buffer, pH 7.5). Absorbance of the eluent fractions is measured at 280nm and 417nm. Total amount of protein and the concentration of Myoglobin are determined using Bradford assay from BSA protein. Molecular weight of Myoglobin was determined by performing SDS-PAGE. Iron content in the acid digested extract is measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). A total amount of 144 ug Myoglobin was purified by the cation-exchange chromatography with a relative purity of 25.9%. The molecular weight of Myoglobin was determined to be 18204 Da. 0.757 mmol of iron and 39.5 nmol of myoglobin were detected in the acid digested extract, with a ration of 20:1. Results A total of five samples were collected from a solution of 10.02g thawed ground buffalo mixed with 20.0mL, 20mM, pH 5.6, KH2PO4 (Buffer A): 1.0 mL of crude extract (sample C), 1.0 mL of filtered extract (sample D), 2.0 mL of Buffer A sample solution (sample A), 2.0 mL Buffer B sample solution (sample B) and 5.0 mL acid digested extract solution. Chromatogram for the purification of myoglobin carried out by cation-exchange chromatography shows a large peak from fraction number 5 to fraction number 12. (Figure 1). The figure also indicates another peak at fraction number 23, with smaller peaks at fraction number 19 and fraction number 25 (Figure 1). Fraction number 23 has the highest 417 nm/ 280 nm (3.766) and the highest absorbance 90.278) at 280 nm (Figure 1). Discussion When myoglobin was separated by cation-exchange chromatograph, purity of the myoglobin in the eluent fractions collected at specific volumes was examined by spectroscopy. Absorbance of Myoglobin, specifically, was measured at 417 nm and other proteins was measured at 280 nm, due to the presence of Tyrosine and Tryptophan Most proteins absorbs at a wavelength of 280 nm (10). Phophyrin has an absorbance spectrum of 414nm to 418 nm, and intensity and wavelength of the absorption can be influenced by the peripheral substituents on the porphryin and the protonation state of the nitrogen atoms (6). Sincemyoglobin consists of a iron-containing heme prosthetic group with an iron-contained porphyrin ring (9), it can absorb at a wavelength of 417. Myoglobin has a PI value of 7, so it will have a net positive charge when pH is below its PI and a net negative charge when pH is above its PI. When myoglobin is positively charged when buffer A (pH=5.6) is used to wash the column, it binds to a column containing negatively charged beads in cation-exchange chromatography. The positively charged Myoglobin can then be eluted by washing the column with buffers having higher pH value than 7 (Buffer B, pH= 7.5). Raising the pH of the mobiles phase buffer renders the Myoglobin less protonated and thus negatively charged. As a result, the Myoglobin is not be able to form an ionic interaction with the negatively charged stationary phase and then elutes from the column (10). 144 ug Myoglobin was recovered form the column, which accounts for 10.7% of the myoglobin that was loaded onto the column. Loss of Myoglobin could be attributed to diffusion spreading of Myoglobin and other contaminant proteins within the mobile phase, as a result of the increase in time length (9). Recovery of myoglobin can be improved by using narrow columns, longer column (7). The molecular weight of Myoglobin (18204 Da) obtained from the SDS-PAGE was similar to the literature value, 16700 Da (4), which indicated that the purified protein in the Buffer B sample was Myoglobin. The clear band generated from Lane B migrated the same distance as the band from the Myoglobin standard, which further confirms that the purified protein was Myoglobin (Figure 3). The stoichiometric relationship between iron and hemoglobin is 20:1 instead of 1:1 according to the fact each molecule of Myoglobin has only one molecule of ion. The excessive amount of Fe might be present in oxygen-carrying protein such as hemoglobin, which contains four heme prosthetic groups. Electron carriers in the mitochondrial respiratory chain have Fe incorporated in their prosthetic group, and examples of them include cytochomr c, ubiquinone and cytochrome oxidase. Besides, another hemeprotein, ferritin might also be present in the protein sample. Hemeprotein functions to stores and release iron atoms in biologically available form for use in heme and nonheme proteins and biochemical reactions (8). In conclusion, a ratio of 1:20 for Myoglobin and iron was obtained from the ground water buffalo. 144 ug Myoglobin was purified from the filtered extract with a relative purity of 25.9%. According to SDS-PAGE, the molecular weight of Myoglobin was determined to be 18402 Da.

Cyber Security Essay

President Obama has declared that the â€Å"cyber threat is one of the most serious economic and national security challenges we face as a nation†¦ America’s economic prosperity in the 21st century will depend on cyber security.† So why is it that so many people still don’t know some of the basic ways that produce cyber threats? The purpose of this paper is to name some of the more basic cyber threats. Even though it is just the beginning to the hazards you can obtain, they are highly effective because of the number of people that still allow these kinds of breaches. First and foremost are viruses. According to cknow.com, â€Å"There were over 50,000 computer viruses in 2000 and that number was then and still is growing rapidly. Sophos, in a print ad in June 2005 claims â€Å"over 103,000 viruses.† And, Symantec, in April 2008 is reported to have claimed the number is over one million.† With so many different viruses out there, how do you know what to look for and how to protect your cyber world from viruses? Some of the most common viruses that effect people are Trojans and Net Bots. PCmag.com defines a Trojan as â€Å"A program that appears legitimate, but performs some illicit activity when it is run. It may be used to locate password information or make the system more vulnerable to future entry or simply destroy programs or data on the hard disk. A Trojan is similar to a virus, except that it does not replicate itself. It stays in the computer doing its damage or allowing somebody from a remote site to take control of the computer. Trojans often sneak in attached to a free game or other utility.† To add to their definition, it can also be affixed to an email attachment or the email itself. So now that you know what it is you’re probably thinking so what can I do to protect myself from obtaining this virus? The best thing to do would be to educate yourself about this threat. Know what they look like and common websites they reside. The next thing that to do is to be sure to always have an up to date WELL KNOWN antivirus such as Sophos, McAfee, or Norton. The well known part is very important because some of the smaller antivirus companies are part of the reason there are so many Trojans out there. Once you get some antivirus software you need to be sure to keep it up to date. Also, don’t open emails from senders that you don’t recognize. Several of the Trojans out there that get circulated by email come from people opening emails from unknown senders. The next one is botnets. http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com says â€Å"A botnet (also known as a zombie army) is a number of Internet computers that, although their owners are unaware of it, have been set up to forward transmissions (including spam or viruses) to other computers on the Internet. Any such computer is referred to as a zombie – in effect, a computer â€Å"robot† or â€Å"bot† that serves the wishes of some master spam or virus originator. Most computers compromised in this way are home-based. According to a report from Russian-based Ka spersky Labs, botnets — not spam, viruses, or worms — currently pose the biggest threat to the Internet.† Trojans are the major way that you can get one of these viruses. So it is important that you again get antivirus software, keep it up to date, and don’t open emails from unknown senders. However, with this virus you can get it just from going to a questionable web site. So how do you know what ones are good and what ones are questionable? Well that you can for the most part guess using these deciding factors: Are there several java applications on the web page? Is there a lot of download able content? Are there pop up advertisements that come up on the page? Then you probably should do your best to stay away from the page. In case you are unsure, some antivirus software are now including a trusted and untrusted feature so when you search a site it will let you know if the page is safe or proceed at your own risk. If your antivirus does not have such a feature then there are some applications out there that will do the same thing just to name one would be WOT or Web of Trust. The next issue is a little more targeted to the business world. It deals more with their emails and correspondence but can also be directed to an average internet user. It is phishing. Webroot.com expounds â€Å"Email Phishing scams are carried out online by tech-savvy con artists and identity theft criminals. They use spam, fake websites constructed to look identical to a real sites, email and instant messages to trick you into divulging sensitive information, like bank account passwords and credit card numbers. Once you take the phisher’s bait, they can use the information to create fake accounts in your name, ruin your credit, and steal your money or even your identity.† This is a serious issue that takes some skill to recognize to evade taking the phisher’s bait. First and foremost is to educate yourself on phishing attacks or scams. Know what it looks like. There are many resources that you have available to you on the internet to learn how to spot a phishing attack and a legitimist email. The Department of Defense offer s a great course on how to spot a phishing email at http://iase.disa.mil/eta/phishing/Phishing/launchPage.htm. A more specific attack is whaling. Blogs.iss.net explains â€Å"The adoption of the term ‘Whaling’ within phishing is fairly new and may have been derived from the use of ‘Whales’ within gambling to refer to big-time gamblers and high rollers, but most likely come from the colloquialism for â€Å"big fish†. Regardless, Whaling describes the most focused type of phishing currently encountered by businesses or government – targeted attacks against groups of high-level executives within a single organization, or executive positions common to multiple organizations (e.g. the CTO or CFO). In a whaling attack, the phisher focuses upon a very small group of senior personnel within an organization and tries to steal their credentials – preferably through the installation of malware that provides back-door functionality and key logging. By focusing upon this small group, the phisher can invest more time in the attack and finely tune his message to achieve the highest likelihood of success. Note that these messages need not be limited to email. Some scams have relied upon regular postage systems to deliver infected media – for example, a CD supposedly containing evaluation software from a known supplier to the CIO, but containing a hidden malware installer.† So if you’re not a high level employee, you’re probably wondering how this is important to you. How phishers go about their scam is by obtaining little bits of what some would consider being harmless information from other employees about level executives and projects going on in the company. They start at the bottom to get more information at the top. So in all actuality it very much concerns everyone in the company. This leads me in to my last but important area of cyber security: insider threat. Frankly, that is you. Every employee is potentially an insider threat. So let me define it a little better with some help from searchsecurity.techtarget.com. â€Å"An insider threat is a malicious hacker (also called a cracker or a black hat) who is an employee or officer of a business, institution, or agency. The term can also apply to an outside person who poses as an employee or officer by obtaining false credentials. The cracker obtains access to the computer systems or networks of the enterprise, and then conducts activities intended to cause harm to the enterprise. Insider threats are often disgruntled employees or ex-employees who believe that the business, institution, or agency has â€Å"done them wrong† and feel justified in gaining revenge. The malicious activity usually occurs in four steps or phases. First, the cracker gains entry to the system or network. Secondly, the cracker investigates the nature of the system or network in order to learn where the vulnerable points are and where the most damage can be caused with the least effort. Thirdly, the cracker sets up a workstation from which the nefarious activity can be conducted. Finally, the actual destructive activity takes place. The damage caused by an insider threat can take many forms, including the introduction of viruses, worms, or Trojan horses; the theft of information or corporate secrets; the theft of money; the corruption or deletion of data; the altering of data to produce inconvenience or false criminal evidence; and the theft of the identities of specific individua ls in the enterprise. Protection against the insider threat involves measures similar to those recommended for Internet users, such as the use of multiple spyware scanning programs, anti-virus programs, firewalls, and a rigorous data backup and archiving routine.† It could also be an employee giving away what you would consider to be harmless information like an email address, a project you are working on at work, how many people you work with, or even where you work and the location of the building. Even with some of the best antivirus software, a stellar knowledge of phishing, and an elite cyber security system, an insider threat can penetrate that because they most the time have the credentials to log it to the system and pull resources ligitimently so it would go unnoticed. So how can you help protect you network or your company’s network from an insider threat? Simply, don’t be one. Always be sure to only give information that the other person is on the same level to receive. Secondly is to educate yourself on insider threat prevention. There is a plethora of resources to do just that. A helpful one is http://www.ussecurityawareness.org/highres/insider-threat.html. Also watch for signs of curious activity with co workers. Report any evidence or suspicions to your supervisor. So in conclusion, prevention starts with you. Buy up to date antivirus software. avoid risky sites, educate yourself on what a phishing attack looks like, know what a legitimate email is, don’t be an insider threat and educate yourself about things to look for from other co workers. Cyber security is a serious threat and is a major issue that needs to be taken seriously. It is not just something for the IT department to worry about but starts with every one making sure to take the appropriate security measures to make the cyber world more secure.

How Elizabeth Bennet is used by Jane Austen in Pride and...

How Elizabeth Bennet is used by Jane Austen in Pride and Prejudice as a form of social protest In the society of Jane Austens day it was imperative that a woman married a suitable husband in order for them to live comfortably and improve the social standing and wealth of her family. Women in high society did not work and so it was vital that they married well. This situation is best summed up in the book by Jane Austen as we are given an insight as to the motives of Elizabeths sister Charlotte as she considers an offer of marriage, she writes Without thinking highly either of men or of matrimony, marriage had always been her object; it was the only honourable provision for well-educated young women of small fortune, and†¦show more content†¦She is like no other woman in the book or indeed of her time and by presenting this character Jane Austen is challenging the stereotypical woman of the day contrasting the typically obedient and loyal wife of the time with a woman who is strong willed and determined, something that would have shocked readers of the day. Within the book Mrs Bingley gives the reader an insight as to what was looked for in a potential wife all of which ironically Elizabeth does not agree with A woman must have a thorough knowledge of music, singing, drawing, dancing, and the modern languages, to deserve the word; and besides all this, she must posses a certain something in her air and manner of walking, the tone of her voice, her address and expressions, or the word will be but half deserved, all of which Elizabeth struggled to comply with. It is her liveliness and her opinionated manner that ultimately attracts the arrogant Darcy to her, and her belief that that she should not conform to the idea of marrying for money and social status as was the general belief of the day. She is reluctant to place marriage at the centre of her ambitions without any regard for feelings or circumstances. Despite being intent on marrying for love and not money, Elizabeths strong principals almost put her familys financial security and future at risk. The belief of the day was that if a man proposed andShow MoreRelatedPride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe 18th century novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggle with family and love. Pride and Prejudice was originally published in 1813, but, the most common version of the story, and the one used for this research, is from the version published in 1892, still by only Jane Austen, though many other authors have contributed to this book over time. Austen often references the class system at the time, often noting one of the multiple heroine’s struggleRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pageshe 18th century novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggl e with family and love. 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Federal Bureau Of Investigation Agent Essay - 907 Words

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI Agent) Associate Dean once said â€Å"It just dispelled all of the bad things I’d ever heard about the FBI†¦ that the FBI was sneaky and out to get people.† The career of the FBI is a remarkable and exciting career, because of the endless possibility of helping the world get better in any kind of way . The research will describe the career of Federal Bureau of Investigation , what is required to become a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent a successful career and the impact this career has on has on society. The Federal Bureau of Investigation hires an agent to act as the lead investigators in the United States. The duty of an FBI is to guard the United States from Terrorists and Foreign intelligence threats, also to provide leadership and criminal justice services. The FBI has to develop effective work plans. They need to arrange resources to accomplish goals. The FBI has an investigative partnership with cops, sheriffs, etc. The FBI investigates spies, hackers, pedophiles, mobsters, gang leaders and serial killers, they investigate everything that can be a threat to the country or other people. FBI agent is able to carry firearms and most of the time are only called when they need to find a high profile criminal. Agents might sometimes run into dangerous situations. They have to travel extensively, they’re lifestyles are very sudden they can be on the go at any time. FBI agent are in charge of investigating more than 200 differentShow MoreRelatedFederal Bureau Of Investigation Agent Essay922 Words   |  4 Pagescareer, because of the endless possibility of helping the world get better in any kind of way . The research will describe the career of Federal Bureau of Investigation , what is required to become a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent a successful career and the impact this career has on has on society. 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